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| REVENUES | REVENUES The following table disaggregates revenue by major source (in millions):
New Electric Vehicles New EV revenues are primarily derived from the sale of consumer and commercial EVs, and related promises that meet the definition of a performance obligation, including over-the-air (“OTA”) vehicle software updates. Revenue from the sale of EVs is recognized at the point in time when control transfers to the customer, which generally occurs upon delivery. As the OTA vehicle software updates represent a stand-ready obligation to provide these services, revenue related to OTA vehicle software updates is recognized ratably throughout the performance period, beginning when control of the vehicle is transferred to the customer and continuing through the estimated useful life of the EV. Revenue from the sale of Electric Delivery Vans (“EDVs”) is recognized in accordance with a bill and hold arrangement, under which revenue is recognized when risk of ownership has been transferred to the customer, but pick-up is delayed at the request of the customer. In such cases, the Company does not have the ability to sell the EDVs to another customer, and they are separately identified as belonging to and ready for pick-up by the customer. Payment for EV sales is typically received at or prior to delivery or according to payment terms customary to the business. Sales tax is excluded from the measurement of the transaction price. The Company’s revenues from new EV sales to Chase Bank, with Chase Bank entering into leasing arrangements with consumers for purchased vehicles, were approximately 54% and 45% of the Company‘s total revenues during the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2025, respectively, and approximately 38% and 40% during the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The Company has an obligation to share a portion of the difference between the residual value realized by Chase Bank at the end of the lease term and the residual value determined at lease inception. This obligation is recorded upon delivery of vehicles to Chase Bank as an RVRS liability in “Other non-current liabilities” on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The RVRS liability is recorded as a reduction to the transaction price and is estimated at the amount the Company is expected to pay to Chase Bank at the end of the lease term. The estimate is based on third-party residual value publications and estimated future prices. While the Company reevaluates the adequacy of the RVRS liability on a regular basis and makes revisions when necessary, the estimate is inherently uncertain, especially given the limited history of Rivian leases, and more historical experience or updates to benchmarks and projections may cause changes to the RVRS liability in the future. As of June 30, 2025 the RVRS liability was not material. The standalone selling prices of performance obligations are estimated by considering costs to develop and deliver the good or service, third-party pricing of similar goods or services, and other available information. The transaction price is allocated among the performance obligations in proportion to the standalone selling prices. Regulatory Credits The Company generates tradable credits from various regulatory standards, including standards related to zero-emission vehicles (“ZEVs”) and greenhouse gas. The Company sells regulatory credits to third parties, and revenue is recognized at the point in time that control of the regulatory credits is transferred to the purchasing party. Payment is typically received within one quarter or less of transfer of control of the credits to the customer. Many of the programs governing such tradable credits have been modified or are being phased out, and the Company‘s ability to continue earning and selling the corresponding credits is uncertain at this time. Software and Services Software and services revenues consist primarily of services provided by the Joint Venture to further develop, customize, and enhance Rivian’s existing vehicle electrical architecture technology and software for use in the customer’s future vehicle programs, sales of vehicle trade-ins (“remarketing”), and vehicle repair and maintenance services. Remarketing revenue is recognized at a point in time when vehicle title and risk of loss transfer to the customer. Revenues for vehicle repair and maintenance services are recognized over time as services are provided. The combined performance obligation for the services provided by the Joint Venture is satisfied over time, until the vehicle electrical architecture technology and software promised to the customer is completed. In addition to ongoing payments to fund the Joint Venture’s development services, revenue for the combined performance obligation includes the following consideration transferred by the customer: •$1,295 million received for a license of intellectual property related to Rivian’s existing vehicle electrical architecture and software technology •Variable consideration in the form of $250 million received on June 30, 2025 for the achievement of the Financial Milestone (see Note 1 "Presentation and Nature of Operations"), •$210 million to be received no later than January 3, 2028 as part of the Start of Production Milestone payment (see Note 1 to the Form 10-K for more information), and •$201 million in noncash consideration paid by Volkswagen Group in the form of a loan commitment (see Note 8 "Debt"). The majority of the transaction price is included in the Company’s contract liabilities as of June 30, 2025, and the Company expects to recognize the corresponding revenue over approximately three years, with the amount of revenue recognized each period gradually increasing over time as the Joint Venture ramps its operations and the level of effort increases. It is reasonably possible that the Company’s expectations could change over time, according to the pattern of progress toward satisfaction of the combined performance obligation to develop, customize, and enhance Rivian’s existing vehicle electrical architecture technology and software for use in the customer’s future vehicle programs. Accordingly, the pattern of revenue recognized could be adjusted over time and ultimately differ from current expectations. The Company recognized $0 million and $182 million for the three months ended June 30, 2024 and 2025, respectively, and $0 million and $349 million for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and 2025, respectively, of revenue for the combined performance obligation with Volkswagen Group. Payment for vehicle electrical architecture and software development services is generally due in advance. Payment for remarketing and vehicle repair and maintenance services is typically received when control transfers to the customer or due in accordance with payment terms customary to the business. Contract Liabilities The Company recognizes contract liabilities when payments are received or due before the related performance obligation is satisfied. The Company’s contract liabilities are primarily the result of consideration received in advance for the Joint Venture’s combined performance obligation, as well as payments for vehicles collected prior to delivery of the EV, generally satisfied within one quarter or less, OTA vehicle software updates, generally satisfied over the estimated useful life of the EV, and extended vehicle repair and maintenance contracts, satisfied over the coverage period. The Company’s contract liabilities exclude fully-refundable customer deposits. The following table summarizes the Company’s contract liabilities recorded by line item on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions):
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