14. Non-Marketable Investments

We held investments in privately held companies with a carrying value of $43.6 million and $22.7 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Our share of gains and losses in equity method investments was a net loss of $2.2 million, net gain of $1.0 million, and a net loss of $3.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, which is included in other income (expense), net in our consolidated statements of operations. Non-marketable investments are included within other assets on the consolidated balance sheet. Such investments are reviewed periodically for impairments. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded impairments of $7.2 million within other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations. No impairments were recorded in the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.