In the first quarter of 2024, we announced a plan to reduce hierarchy and concentrate our team members in major hub locations to support in-person collaboration, resulting in the reduction of our global headcount by approximately 10%. We completed the 2024 restructuring in the second quarter of 2024.

The following table summarizes the 2024 restructuring charges included in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024:


	Severance and Related Charges (1)		Stock-Based Compensation Expense		Other (2)		Total

	(in thousands)
Cost of revenue	$	932	$	189	$	—	$	1,121
Research and development	30,845		4,801		3,201		38,847
Sales and marketing	15,755		4,176		—		19,931
General and administrative	7,786		236		2,236		10,258
Total	$	55,318	$	9,402	$	5,437	$	70,157

(1)Severance and related charges include cash severance expenses and other termination benefits. The majority of cash paid for the restructuring was related to severance and benefits.

In the third quarter of 2023, we initiated the wind down of our AR Enterprise business, which included a reduction of our global employee headcount by approximately 3%. We substantially completed the program in the fourth quarter of 2023.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized pre-tax restructuring charges of $40.8 million, primarily recorded in sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statement of operations, and an income tax benefit of $5.7 million. The pre-tax restructuring charges primarily include cash severance, stock-based compensation expense, and charges related to the revision of the useful lives and disposal of certain acquired intangible assets.