v3.25.4
Significant Accounting Policies
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2025
Accounting Policies [Abstract]  
Significant Accounting Policies Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain immaterial amounts in prior periods have been reclassified to conform with current period presentation.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries in accordance with consolidation accounting guidance. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The Company regularly evaluates its estimates, including those related to fair value of investments, useful lives of long-lived assets and intangible assets, valuation of goodwill and intangible assets from acquisitions, contingent liabilities, insurance reserves, revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, and income and non-income taxes, among others. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates.

As the impact of the macroeconomic and geopolitical conditions, including inflation, interest rates, foreign currency fluctuations, tariffs, and trade controls continue to evolve, estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty and therefore require increased judgment. These estimates and assumptions may change in future periods and will be recognized in the consolidated financial statements as new events occur and additional information becomes known. To the extent the Company’s actual results differ materially from those estimates and assumptions, the Company’s future consolidated financial statements could be affected.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are held in checking and interest-bearing accounts and consist of cash and highly-liquid securities with an original maturity of 90 days or less.

Investments

The Company’s investments consist of time deposits, available-for-sale (“AFS”) debt securities, and held-to-maturity (“HTM”) debt securities. Management determines the appropriate classification of investments at the time of purchase based on its intent and ability to hold the securities.

Time deposits are accounted for at amortized cost within short term investments in the consolidated balance sheets.

AFS debt securities include corporate debt securities, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, U.S. government and government agency securities, and mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities. AFS debt securities are recorded at fair value within short-term investments in the consolidated balance sheets with unrealized gains and non-credit-related losses reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”).

HTM debt securities include investments the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity and are recorded at amortized cost, net of any allowance for credit losses. The Company classifies these investments as short-term investments or other assets, noncurrent in the consolidated balance sheets based on their remaining contractual maturities as of the reporting date.

Realized gains and losses on the sale of investment securities are determined using the specific identification method and are recorded within other expense, net, on the consolidated statements of operations.

Impairment and Credit Losses

For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first evaluates whether it intends to sell, or whether it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell, the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either condition is met, the difference between amortized cost and fair value is recognized in earnings. If the Company does not intend to sell and is not required to sell the security before recovery, the Company evaluates whether the decline is due to credit-related factors. Credit-related losses, if any, are recognized through
an allowance for credit losses with a corresponding charge to earnings, and any remaining unrealized loss is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss).

For HTM debt securities, expected credit losses are measured through an allowance for credit losses, representing the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the Company’s estimate of the present value of cash flows expected to be collected. Improvements in expected cash flows are recognized through a reversal of previously recorded credit losses.

Non-Marketable Investments

Non-marketable investments consist of debt and equity investments in privately-held companies, which are classified as other assets, noncurrent on the consolidated balance sheets. Equity investments are accounted for using either the equity method or the measurement alternative, depending on the level of influence and availability of fair value information.

The equity method is applied when the Company has significant influence over the investee’s operating and financial policies. Under this method, the Company recognizes its proportionate share of the investee’s net income or loss, and the carrying amount is adjusted for the Company’s share of the investee’s earnings, losses, and any impairments. These amounts are reflected in other expense, net on the consolidated statements of operations.

For equity investments in which the Company does not have significant influence and fair value is not readily determinable, the measurement alternative is used. These investments are carried at cost, less any impairments, and are adjusted for observable price changes from orderly transactions for the same or similar investments. The measurement alternative is reassessed each reporting period to determine eligibility. Changes in investment basis, including impairments, are recognized in other expense, net on the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company reviews non-marketable debt and equity investments for impairment each reporting period or whenever events or circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be fully recoverable. Impairments are recognized in other expense, net to the extent that the carrying value exceeds fair value.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the consolidated financial statements. The authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a hierarchical disclosure framework, which prioritizes and ranks the level of market price observability used in measuring financial instruments at fair value. This hierarchy requires the Company to use observable market data when available and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value. Financial instruments with readily available quoted prices in active markets generally will have a higher degree of market price observability and a lesser degree of judgment used in measuring fair value.

Financial instruments measured and disclosed at fair value are classified and disclosed based on the observability of inputs used in the determination of fair value as follows:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets.

Level 2: Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices in less active markets or model-derived valuations that are observable either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The carrying amount of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash equivalents, funds receivable and amounts held on behalf of customers, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, funds payable and amounts payable to customers, and unearned fees approximate their respective fair values on the consolidated balance sheets because of their short maturities.

Level 2 Valuation Techniques

Financial instruments classified as Level 2 within the Company’s fair value hierarchy are valued on the basis of prices from an orderly transaction between market participants provided by reputable dealers or pricing services. Prices of these securities are obtained through independent, third-party pricing services and include market quotations that may include both observable and unobservable inputs. In determining the value of a particular investment, pricing services may use certain information with respect to transactions in such investments, quotations from dealers, pricing matrices and market transactions in comparable investments, and various relationships between investments. The Company’s foreign exchange derivative instruments are valued using pricing models that take into account the contract terms, as well as multiple inputs where applicable, such as interest rate yield curves and currency rates.

Foreign Currency

The Company’s reporting currency is the U.S. dollar. The Company determines the functional currency for each of its foreign subsidiaries by reviewing their operations and currencies used in their primary economic environments. Assets and liabilities for foreign subsidiaries with functional currency other than U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollars at the rate of exchange existing at the balance sheet date. Statements of operations amounts are translated at average exchange rates for the period. Translation gains and losses are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) as a component of stockholders’ equity in the consolidated financial statements. No amounts were reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025.
Remeasurement gains and losses are included in other income (expense), net on the consolidated statements of operations. Monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured at the exchange rate on the balance sheet date and nonmonetary assets and liabilities are measured at historical exchange rates. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Company had a cumulative translation gain (loss) of $(32) million and $1 million, respectively. Total net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on foreign currency transactions and balances totaled $(48) million, $29 million, and $(35) million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging

The Company’s primary objective for holding derivative instruments is to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk. The Company enters into master netting arrangements to mitigate credit risk in derivative transactions by permitting net settlement of transactions with the same counterparty. All derivative instruments are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The accounting treatment for derivative gains and losses is based on intended use and hedge designation.

Gains and losses arising from amounts that are included in the assessment of cash flow hedge effectiveness are initially deferred in AOCI and subsequently reclassified into earnings when the hedged transaction affects earnings and in the same line item on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company does not exclude any components in the assessment of hedge effectiveness for forwards and options.

If it is no longer probable that a forecasted hedged transaction will occur in the initially identified time period, hedge accounting is discontinued and the Company accounts for the associated derivatives as undesignated derivative instruments. Gains and losses associated with derivatives no longer designated as hedging instruments in AOCI are recognized immediately in other expense, net, on the consolidated statements of operations if it is probable that the forecasted hedged transaction will not occur by the end of the initially identified time period or within an additional two month period thereafter. In rare circumstances, the additional period of time may exceed two months due to extenuating circumstances related to the nature of the forecasted transaction that are outside the control or influence of the Company.

Gains and losses arising from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are not designated as accounting hedges are recognized on the consolidated statements of operations in other expense, net.

The Company presents derivative assets and liabilities at their gross fair values in the consolidated balance sheets, even if they are subject to master netting arrangements with the counterparties. The Company classifies cash flows related to derivative instruments as operating activities in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

Internal-Use Software

The Company capitalizes certain costs in connection with obtaining or developing software for internal use. Amortization of such costs begins when the project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Capitalized software development costs are classified as property and equipment, net on the consolidated balance sheets and are amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the applicable software.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization on property and equipment is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives indicated below:

Asset CategoryPeriod
Computer equipment5 years
Computer software and capitalized internal-use software
1.5 to 3 years
Office furniture and equipment5 years
Buildings
25 to 40 years
Leasehold improvements
Lesser of lease life or 5 years

Costs of maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the useful lives of assets are expensed as incurred. Upon retirement or sale, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the consolidated balance sheets and the resulting gain or loss is reflected on the consolidated statements of operations.

Leases

The Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Operating lease liabilities represent the present value of lease payments not yet paid. Operating lease ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset and are based upon the operating lease liabilities adjusted for prepayments or accrued lease payments, initial direct costs, lease incentives, and impairment of operating lease assets. As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease
payments. The Company has real estate and equipment lease agreements that contain lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for as a single lease component.

The Company’s leases often contain rent escalations over the lease term. The Company recognizes expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Additionally, tenant incentives, primarily used to fund leasehold improvements, are recognized when earned and reduce the Company’s ROU asset related to the lease. These are amortized through the ROU asset as reductions of expense over the lease term.

The Company’s lease agreements may contain variable costs such as common area maintenance, operating expenses, or other costs. Variable lease costs are expensed as incurred on the consolidated statements of operations. The Company’s lease agreements generally do not contain any residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants.

For substantially all leases with an initial non-cancelable lease term of less than one year and no option to purchase, the Company elected not to recognize the lease on its consolidated balance sheets and instead recognize rent payments on a straight-line basis over the lease term within operating expense on its consolidated statements of operations.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired in a business combination. The Company has one reporting unit. The Company tests goodwill for impairment at least annually in the fourth quarter, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. The Company uses a two-step process to assess the realizability of goodwill. The first step, Step 0, is a qualitative assessment that analyzes current economic indicators associated with a particular reporting unit. For example, the Company analyzes changes in economic, market and industry conditions, business strategy, cost factors, and financial performance, among others, to determine if there would be a significant decline to the fair value of a reporting unit. A qualitative assessment also includes analyzing the excess fair value of a reporting unit over its carrying value from impairment assessments performed in previous years. If the qualitative assessment indicates a stable or improved fair value, no further testing is required.

If a qualitative assessment indicates that a significant decline to fair value of a reporting unit is more likely than not, or if a reporting unit’s fair value has historically been closer to its carrying value, the Company will proceed to Step 1 testing where the Company calculates the fair value of a reporting unit. If Step 1 indicates that the carrying value of a reporting unit is in excess of its fair value, the Company will record an impairment equal to the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value.

There were no impairment charges in any of the periods presented in the consolidated financial statements.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives ranging from one to ten years. The Company reviews intangible assets for impairment under the long-lived asset model described below. There were no impairment charges in any of the periods presented in the consolidated financial statements.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets that are held and used by the Company are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. The determination of the recoverability of long-lived assets is based on an estimate of the undiscounted cash flows resulting from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values, and third-party independent appraisals, as necessary.

Any impairments to ROU assets, leasehold improvements, or other assets as a result of a sublease, abandonment, or other similar factors are recorded as an operating expense on the consolidated statements of operations. Similar to other long-lived assets, management tests ROU assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances occur that could impact the recoverability of these assets. For ROU assets, such circumstances may include subleases that do not fully recover the costs of the associated leases or a decision to abandon the use of all or part of an asset. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, the Company did not record any impairment charges.

Revenue Recognition

The Company generates substantially all of its revenue from facilitating guest stays at accommodations offered by hosts on its platform. The Company’s customers are both hosts and guests. Customers must agree to the Company’s Terms of Service (“ToS”) to use the platform. Upon a booking made by a guest, the host agrees to provide use of the property and both parties agree to the booking amount which excludes taxes and the Company’s service fees. The Company’s service fees are charged in exchange for activities, including platform use, customer support, and payment processing activities, which are not distinct and collectively constitute a single performance obligation. The performance obligation, governed by the acceptance of the Company’s ToS, is satisfied at the point of check-in when the guest begins their stay and the Company obtains an enforceable right to payment. Accordingly, revenue is recognized on the consolidated statements of operations, at the point of check-in. For all bookings, the guest pays the booking amount to the Company, which disburses the booking amount to the host after check-in, net of the host’s service fees.

Historically, the Company operated only under a split-fee structure, charging service fees as a percentage of the booking amount to both hosts and guests. In October 2025, the Company began transitioning to a single-fee structure, charging only the host a service fee. For bookings that remain under the split-fee model, the Company continues to charge service fees separately to both hosts and guests.
The Company’s ToS stipulates that a host may cancel a confirmed booking up to the point of check-in. As such, for accounting purposes, each booking represents a separate contract between the host and guest, which is not enforceable until check-in. As a result, at December 31, 2024 and 2025, there were no partially satisfied or unsatisfied performance obligations. Service fees collected from customers prior to check-in are recorded as unearned fees on the consolidated balance sheets. The unearned fees are not considered contract balances, as they are subject to refund in the event of a cancellation.

Guest stays of at least 28 nights are considered long-term stays. The Company charges service fees for long-term stays on a monthly basis, consistent with the applicable fee structure for the booking. Long-term stays are generally cancelable within 30 days before check-in, permitting guests to avoid cancellation fees or paying for unused nights beyond the notice period. Accordingly, long-term stays are treated as month-to-month contracts; each month is a separate contract with the host and guest that becomes enforceable at check-in for the initial month or subsequent monthly extensions. The Company’s performance obligation for long-term stays is the same as that for short-term stays. Revenue is recognized for the first month upon check-in and for subsequent months upon each month’s anniversary from the initial check-in date.

The Company presents revenue net, as an agent, because it does not control the right to use the properties either before or after completion of its service. It does not fulfill rental promises, bear inventory risk, or set prices. Therefore, revenue is presented on a net basis, reflecting the service fees received from customers under either the single-fee or split-fee structures to facilitate a stay.

Amounts assessed by governmental authorities, such as taxes that are both imposed on and are concurrent with specific revenue producing transactions, cleaning and pet fees are excluded from revenue and cost of revenue.

Payments to Customers

The Company makes payments to customers as part of its referral programs and marketing promotions, collectively referred to as the Company’s incentive programs, and refund activities. The payments are generally in the form of coupon credits to be applied toward future bookings or as cash refunds.

Incentive Programs

The Company encourages the use of its platform and attracts new customers through its incentive programs. Under the Company’s referral program, the referring party (the “referrer”) earns a coupon when the new guest or host (the “referee”) completes their first stay on the Company’s platform. Incentives earned by customers for referring new customers are paid in exchange for a distinct service and are accounted for as customer acquisition costs. The Company records the incentive as a liability at the time the incentive is earned by the referrer with the corresponding charge recorded to sales and marketing expense in the same way the Company accounts for other marketing services from third-party vendors. Any amounts paid in excess of the fair value of the referral service received are recorded as a reduction of revenue. Fair value of the service is established using amounts paid to vendors for similar services. Customer referral coupon credits generally expire within one year from issuance and the Company estimates the redemption rates using its historical experience. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the referral coupon liability was immaterial.

Through marketing promotions, the Company issues customer coupon credits to encourage the use of its platform. After a customer redeems such incentives, the Company records a reduction to revenue at the date it records the corresponding revenue transaction, as the Company does not receive a distinct good or service in exchange for the customer incentive payment.

Refunds

In certain instances, the Company issues refunds to customers as part of its customer support activities in the form of cash or credits to be applied toward a future booking. There is no legal obligation to issue such refunds to hosts or guests on behalf of its customers. The Company accounts for refunds, net of any recoveries, as variable consideration, which results in a reduction to revenue. The Company reduces the transaction price by the estimated amount of the payments by applying the most likely outcome method based on known facts and circumstances and historical experience. The estimate for variable consideration was immaterial as of December 31, 2024 and 2025.

The Company evaluates whether the cumulative amount of payments made to customers that are not in exchange for a distinct good or service received from customers exceeds the cumulative revenue earned since inception of the customer relationships. Any cumulative payments in excess of cumulative revenue are presented within operations and support or sales and marketing on the consolidated statements of operations based on the nature of the payments made to customers.

Funds Receivable and Funds Payable

Funds receivable and amounts held on behalf of customers represent cash received or in-transit from guests via third-party credit card processors and other payment methods, which the Company remits for payment to the hosts following check-in. This cash and related receivable represent the total amount due to hosts, and as such, a liability for the same amount is recorded to funds payable and amounts payable to customers on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company records guest payments, net of service fees, as funds receivable and amounts held on behalf of customers with a corresponding amount in funds payable and amounts payable to customers when cash is received in advance of check-in. Host and guest fees are recorded as cash with a corresponding amount in unearned fees. For certain bookings, a guest may opt to pay a percentage of the total amount due when the booking is confirmed, with the remaining balance due prior to the stay occurring (the “Pay Less Upfront Program”). Under the Pay Less Upfront Program, when the Company receives the first installment payment from the guest upon confirmation of the booking, the Company records the first installment payment as funds receivable and amounts held on behalf of
customers with a corresponding amount in funds payable and amounts payable to customers, net of the host and guest fees. The full value of the service fees is recorded as cash and cash equivalents and unearned fees on the consolidated balance sheets upon receipt of the first installment payment to represent what the Company expects to be recognized as revenue if the underlying booking is not canceled. Upon receipt of the second installment, such payment amounts are also recorded as funds receivable and amounts held on behalf of customers with a corresponding amount in funds payable and amounts payable to customers. Following check-in, the Company remits funds due to hosts and recognizes unearned fees as revenue as its performance obligation is satisfied.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue primarily consists of payment processing charges, including merchant fees and chargebacks, costs associated with third-party data centers used to host the Company’s platform, and amortization of internally developed software, and acquired technology.

Operations and Support

Operations and support costs primarily consist of personnel-related expenses and third-party service provider fees associated with customer support provided via phone, email, and chat to customers, customer relations costs, which include refunds and credits related to customer satisfaction and expenses associated with the Company’s host protection programs, and allocated costs for facilities and information technology. These costs are expensed as incurred on the consolidated statements of operations.

Product Development

Product development costs primarily consist of personnel-related expenses and third-party service provider expenditures incurred in connection with the development of the Company’s platform and new products as well as the improvement of existing products, and allocated costs for facilities and information technology. These costs are expensed as incurred on the consolidated statements of operations.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing costs primarily consist of performance and brand marketing, personnel-related expenses, including those related to field operations, portions of referral incentives and coupons, policy and communications, and allocated costs for facilities and information technology. These costs are expensed as incurred on the consolidated statements of operations. Advertising expenses on the consolidated statements of operations were $953 million, $1.1 billion, and $843 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025, respectively.

General and Administrative

General and administrative costs primarily consist of personnel-related expenses for executive management and administrative functions, including finance and accounting, legal, and human resources, as well as general corporate and director and officer insurance. General and administrative costs also include professional services fees, allocated costs for facilities and information technology, indirect taxes including lodging taxes where the Company may be held jointly liable with hosts for collecting and remitting such taxes, withholding taxes, other transactional taxes, and bad debt expense. These costs are expensed as incurred on the consolidated statements of operations.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax law in effect for the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the period that includes the enactment date on the consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized in the provision for (benefit from) income taxes on the consolidated statements of operations.

A valuation allowance is recorded for deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In determining the need for a valuation allowance, the Company weighs both positive and negative evidence in the various jurisdictions in which it operates to determine whether it is more likely than not that its deferred tax assets are recoverable. The Company regularly assesses all available evidence, including cumulative historic losses, forecasted earnings, if carryback is permitted under the law, carryforward periods, and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies.

The Company evaluates and accounts for uncertain tax positions using a two-step approach. Recognition, step one, occurs when the Company concludes that a tax position, based solely on its technical merits, is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon examination. Measurement, step two, determines the largest amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. Derecognition of a tax position that was previously recognized would occur when the Company subsequently determines that a tax position no longer meets the more-likely-than-not threshold of being sustained.
Share Repurchase

Share repurchases may be made through a variety of methods, which may include open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, block trades, or accelerated share repurchase transactions, or by any combination of such methods. Share repurchases are recorded at settlement date. When shares are retired, the value of repurchased shares is deducted from stockholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheets through capital with the excess over par value recorded to accumulated deficit.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense relates to restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and stock options, and the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) (collectively referred to as “equity awards”). RSUs, stock options are measured at the fair market value of the underlying stock at the grant date and the expense is recognized over the requisite service period. The fair value of stock options ESPP shares are estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options on the date of grant. The Company estimates the expected term of stock options granted based on the simplified method and estimates the volatility of its common stock on the date of grant based on the average historical stock price volatility of comparable publicly-traded companies. The simplified method calculates the expected term as the mid-point between the weighted-average time to vesting and the contractual maturity. The simplified method is used as the Company does not have sufficient historical data regarding stock option exercises. The contractual term of the Company’s stock options is ten years. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. The benefits of tax deductions in excess of recognized stock-based compensation costs are recognized in the income statement as a discrete item when an option exercise or a vesting and release of shares occurs.

Net Income Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

The Company applies the two-class method when computing net income per share attributable to common stockholders when shares are issued that meet the definition of a participating security. The two-class method determines net income per share for each class of common stock and participating securities according to dividends declared or accumulated and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The two-class method requires earnings available to common stockholders for the period to be allocated between common stock and participating securities based upon their respective rights to receive dividends as if all earnings for the period had been distributed.

Basic net income per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, less weighted-average shares subject to repurchase. The diluted net income per share is computed by giving effect to all potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period, including RSUs, stock options, and warrants using the treasury stock method, and convertible notes, using the if-converted method.

Contingencies

The Company is subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. The Company accrues for losses associated with legal claims when such losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. These accruals are adjusted as additional information becomes available or circumstances change.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-09, which is an update to standardize income tax disclosures that primarily relates to the presentation of the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid information in the footnote disclosures. The Company adopted the guidance prospectively effective December 31, 2025 (refer to Note 3, Supplemental Financial Statement Information and Note 14 Income Taxes).

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, which is an update to improve the disclosures about an entity’s expenses, for both annual and interim periods in a tabular format in the footnotes to the financial statements, to include disaggregated information about specific categories underlying certain income statement expense line items. The update is effective for public companies on a prospective basis, with the option for retrospective application in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of the new guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements other than the expanded footnote disclosure.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, which is an update that allows companies to apply a practical expedient when estimating credit losses on current accounts receivable and contract assets. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2025, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of the new guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, which is an update to simplify the criteria required to capitalize internally developed software. The update simplifies the capitalization guidance by removing all references to software development project stages so that the guidance is neutral to different software development methods. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company anticipates no material impact on its consolidated financial statements upon adoption of this guidance and intends to early adopt it prospectively effective January 1, 2026.

In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-09, which refines the scope of derivatives and clarifies the scope for noncash share-based consideration from a customer in a revenue contract. The update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim
periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of the new guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
There are other new accounting pronouncements issued by the FASB that the Company has adopted or will adopt, as applicable, and the Company does not believe any of these accounting pronouncements have had, or will have, a material impact on its consolidated financial statements or disclosures.