We have executed various restructuring and other initiatives and we may execute additional initiatives in the future, if necessary, to streamline manufacturing capacity and reduce other costs to improve the utilization of remaining facilities. To the extent these programs involve voluntary separations, a liability is generally recorded at the time offers to employees are accepted. To the extent these programs provide separation benefits in accordance with pre-existing agreements, a liability is recorded once the amount is probable and reasonably estimable. If employees are involuntarily terminated, a liability is generally recorded at the communication date. Related charges are recorded in Automotive and other cost of sales and Automotive and other selling, general, and administrative expense.

We have made significant investments and contractual commitments in the development of EVs to help our vehicle fleet comply with emissions and fuel economy regulations that were scheduled to become increasingly stringent. Following recent U.S. Government policy changes, including the termination of certain consumer tax incentives for EV purchases and the reduction in the stringency of emissions regulations, industry-wide consumer demand for EVs in North America began to slow in 2025. In the three months ended September 30, 2025 and December 31, 2025, we reassessed our EV capacity and manufacturing footprint to align to expected consumer demand and U.S. Government policy and recorded charges of $1.6 billion and $6.0 billion. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded total charges in GMNA of $7.9 billion. These charges include non-cash impairment and other charges of $3.2 billion, which are not reflected in the table above and cash related charges of $4.7 billion, of which $4.3 billion are reflected in the table above, primarily consisting of supplier commercial settlements, contract cancellation fees, battery cell JV settlements, and other charges that will have a cash impact when paid. The non-cash impairment charges include the cost of writing down EV-related tooling and equipment to its nominal salvage value. We incurred cash outflows of $400 million in the year ended December 31, 2025 related to these charges. While we have completed the reassessment of our EV capacity and manufacturing footprint, we expect to recognize additional material cash and non-cash charges in 2026 related to continued commercial negotiations with our supply base. We expect such charges will be significantly less than the EV-related charges incurred in 2025. In addition, should the EPA remove GHG regulations, we expect that $1.1 billion of the total $1.4 billion carrying amount of our acquired credits may be subject to impairment in the near term.

In the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, restructuring and other initiatives included strategic activities in GMNA related to Buick dealerships. We recorded no charges and incurred $718 million in cash outflows resulting from these dealer restructurings in the year ended December 31, 2025, in addition to the charges of $964 million and $569 million and cash outflows of $530 million and $674 million in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Cumulatively, we have incurred charges of approximately $2.0 billion and cash outflows of $2.0 billion related to this initiative, which is complete as of December 31, 2025.

In October 2023, Cruise voluntarily paused all of its driverless, supervised, and manual AV operations in the U.S. while it examined its processes, systems, and tools. In conjunction with these actions, Cruise recorded charges before noncontrolling interest of $529 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, which included non-cash restructuring charges of $250 million. In June 2024, Cruise indefinitely delayed the Cruise Origin and recognized primarily non-cash charges before noncontrolling interest of $631 million. In December 2024, in conjunction with GM’s announcement of its decision to no longer fund Cruise’s robotaxi development work and its plans to combine the Cruise and GM technical efforts to advance autonomous and assisted driving, Cruise recorded net charges before noncontrolling interest of $522 million, which included net non-cash restructuring charges of $173 million. The non-cash restructuring charges are not reflected in the table above. In the year ended December

In March 2023, we announced a voluntary separation program (VSP) to accelerate attrition related to the cost reduction program announced in January 2023. We recorded charges in GMNA of $1.0 billion in the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily related to employee separation charges of $905 million, which are reflected in the table above, and non-cash pension curtailment and settlement charges of approximately $130 million, not reflected in the table above. We incurred insignificant cash outflows in the year ended December 31, 2024 and cash outflows of $820 million in the year ended December 31, 2023. This program is complete as of December 31, 2024.

In the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we announced various restructuring actions in GMI and recorded restructuring charges before noncontrolling interest of $170 million in 2024 primarily due to our decision to close our manufacturing operations in Colombia and Ecuador. The $170 million restructuring charges primarily related to employee separations and supplier-related charges of $88 million, which are included in the table above, and non-cash restructuring charges of $79 million primarily related to accelerated depreciation and amortization, which are not reflected in the table above. We incurred insignificant cash outflows in the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the 2024 program is substantially complete as of December 31, 2025.