v3.24.4
Property
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2024
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net [Abstract]  
Property Property
Estimated Useful Lives in YearsDecember 31, 2024December 31, 2023
Land$1,253 $1,293 
Buildings and improvements
5-40
14,915 13,256 
Machinery and equipment
3-27
39,575 37,074 
Special tools
1-16
25,813 26,086 
Construction in progress7,176 8,135 
Total property88,732 85,845 
Less: accumulated depreciation(36,828)(35,524)
Total property, net$51,904 $50,321 

The amount of capitalized software included in Property, net was $2.3 billion and $2.2 billion at December 31, 2024 and 2023. The amount of interest capitalized and excluded from Automotive interest expense was $215 million in the year ended December 31, 2024 and insignificant in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Years Ended December 31,
202420232022
Depreciation and amortization expense$6,466 $6,719 $6,297 
Impairment charges(a)$635 $115 $12 
Capitalized software amortization expense(b)$798 $705 $614 
__________
(a)    In the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized impairment charges primarily related to the indefinite delay of the Cruise Origin.
(b)    Included in Depreciation and amortization expense.