v3.24.0.1
Property
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Property, Plant and Equipment, Net [Abstract]  
Property Property
Estimated Useful Lives in YearsDecember 31, 2023December 31, 2022
Land$1,293 $1,307 
Buildings and improvements
5-40
13,256 11,461 
Machinery and equipment
3-27
37,074 33,413 
Special tools
1-13
26,086 24,775 
Construction in progress8,135 7,340 
Total property85,845 78,295 
Less: accumulated depreciation(35,524)(33,047)
Total property, net$50,321 $45,248 

The amount of capitalized software included in Property, net was $2.2 billion and $1.8 billion at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The amount of interest capitalized and excluded from Automotive interest expense related to Property, net was insignificant in the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021.
Years Ended December 31,
202320222021
Depreciation and amortization expense$6,719 $6,297 $5,829 
Impairment charges$115 $12 $— 
Capitalized software amortization expense(a)$705 $614 $515 
__________
(a)    Included in Depreciation and amortization expense.