| Schedule of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss |
The following table summarizes the significant components of Accumulated other comprehensive loss: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Years Ended December 31, |
| 2018 |
| 2017 |
| 2016 | Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments | | | | | | Balance at beginning of period | $ | (1,606 | ) |
| $ | (2,355 | ) |
| $ | (2,034 | ) | Other comprehensive income (loss) and noncontrolling interests before reclassification adjustment, net of tax and impact of adoption of accounting standards(a)(b)(c) | (664 | ) |
| 560 |
|
| (317 | ) | Reclassification adjustment, net of tax(a) | 20 |
|
| 189 |
|
| (4 | ) | Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax(a) | (644 | ) |
| 749 |
|
| (321 | ) | Balance at end of period | $ | (2,250 | ) |
| $ | (1,606 | ) |
| $ | (2,355 | ) | Defined Benefit Plans |
| |
| |
| Balance at beginning of period | $ | (6,398 | ) |
| $ | (6,968 | ) |
| $ | (5,999 | ) | Other comprehensive loss and noncontrolling interests before reclassification adjustment, net of impact of adoption of accounting standards(b)(c) | (580 | ) |
| (798 | ) |
| (1,546 | ) | Tax benefit | 100 |
|
| 98 |
|
| 459 |
| Other comprehensive loss and noncontrolling interests before reclassification adjustment, net of tax and impact of adoption of accounting standards(b)(c) | (480 | ) |
| (700 | ) |
| (1,087 | ) | Reclassification adjustment, net of tax(a)(d) | 141 |
|
| 1,270 |
|
| 118 |
| Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax | (339 | ) |
| 570 |
|
| (969 | ) | Balance at end of period(e) | $ | (6,737 | ) |
| $ | (6,398 | ) |
| $ | (6,968 | ) |
__________ | | (a) | The income tax effect was insignificant in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. |
| | (b) | The noncontrolling interests are insignificant in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. |
| | (c) | Refer to Note 2 for additional information on adoption of accounting standards in 2018. |
| | (d) | $1.2 billion is included in the loss on sale of the Opel/Vauxhall Business in the year ended December 31, 2017. An insignificant amount is included in the computation of periodic pension and OPEB (income) expense in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. |
| | (e) | Consists primarily of unamortized actuarial loss on our defined benefit plans. Refer to the critical accounting estimates section of our MD&A for additional information. |
|