Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill of $1.9 billion consisted of $1.4 billion recorded in GM Financial and $504 million and $490 million included in GM Cruise at December 31, 2018 and 2017.



	December 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net Carrying Amount
Technology and intellectual property	$	734	$	457	$	277	$	8,092	$	7,735	$	357
Brands	4,299		1,165		3,134		4,302		1,044		3,258
Dealer network, customer relationships and other	968		661		307		1,310		933		377
Total intangible assets	$	6,001	$	2,283	$	3,718	$	13,704	$	9,712	$	3,992

Our amortization expense related to intangible assets was $247 million, $278 million, and $325 million in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

Amortization expense related to intangible assets is estimated to be approximately $184 million in each of the next five years.

We removed $7.7 billion of fully amortized intangible assets in the year ended December 31, 2018 which are no longer in use and provide no remaining economic benefit.