The following table summarizes activity for policy, product warranty, recall campaigns and courtesy transportation (dollars in millions):



	Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2015			June 30, 2014
Balance at beginning of period	$	9,646		$	7,601
Warranties issued and assumed in period – recall campaigns and courtesy transportation	386			2,485
Warranties issued and assumed in period – policy and product warranty	1,166			1,309
Payments	(2,106		)	(1,784		)
Adjustments to pre-existing warranties	329			889
Effect of foreign currency and other	(125		)	28
Balance at end of period	$	9,296		$	10,528