From time to time, the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors grants certain employees performance-based restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and stock options.

As of September 30, 2023, we had unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $525 million under these grants to purchase or receive an aggregate 4.7 million shares of our common stock. For awards probable of achievement, we estimate the unrecognized stock-based compensation expense of $131 million will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3 years.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recorded $10 million and $56 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to these grants, net of forfeitures. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we recorded $31 million and $134 million, respectively, of stock-based compensation expense related to these grants, net of forfeitures.

The following table summarizes our stock-based compensation expense by line item in the consolidated statements of operations (in millions):


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Cost of revenues	$	181	$	150	$	554	$	424
Research and development	189		124		491		389
Selling, general and administrative	95		88		283		328
Total	$	465	$	362	$	1,328	$	1,141

Our income tax benefits recognized from stock-based compensation arrangements in each of the periods presented were immaterial due to cumulative losses and valuation allowances.