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Significant Accounting Policies
6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2011
Significant Accounting Policies  
Significant Accounting Policies
2. Significant Accounting Policies.

For a detailed discussion about the Company's significant accounting policies, see Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2010 included in the Form 10-K.

During the six months ended June 30, 2011, other than the following, no other updates were made to the Company's significant accounting policies.

Financial Instruments and Fair Value.

Fair value for many cash instruments and OTC derivative contracts is derived using pricing models. Pricing models take into account the contract terms (including maturity) as well as multiple inputs, including, where applicable, commodity prices, equity prices, interest rate yield curves, credit curves, correlation, creditworthinness of the counterparty, creditworthiness of the Company, option volatility and currency rates. Where appropriate, valuation adjustments are made to account for various factors such as liquidity risk (bid-ask adjustments), credit quality, model uncertainty and concentration risk. Adjustments for liquidity risk adjust model derived mid-market levels of Level 2 and Level 3 financial instruments for the bid-mid or mid-ask spread required to properly reflect the exit price of a risk position. Bid-mid and mid-ask spreads are marked to levels observed in trade activity, broker quotes or other external third-party data. Where these spreads are unobservable for the particular position in question, spreads are derived from observable levels of similar positions. The Company applies credit-related valuation adjustments to its short-term and long-term borrowings (primarily structured notes) for which the fair value option was elected and to OTC derivatives. The Company considers the impact of changes in its own credit spreads based upon observations of the Company's secondary bond market spreads when measuring the fair value for short-term and long-term borrowings. For OTC derivatives, the impact of changes in both the Company's and the counterparty's credit standing is considered when measuring fair value. In determining the expected exposure, the Company simulates the distribution of the future exposure to a counterparty, then applies market-based default probabilities to the future exposure, leveraging external third-party credit default swap ("CDS") spread data. Where CDS spread data are unavailable for a specific counterparty, bond market spreads, CDS spread data based on the counterparty's credit rating or CDS spread data that reference a comparable counterparty may be utilized. The Company also considers collateral held and legally enforceable master netting agreements that mitigate the Company's exposure to each counterparty. Adjustments for model uncertainty are taken for positions whose underlying models are reliant on significant inputs that are neither directly nor indirectly observable, hence requiring reliance on established theoretical concepts in their derivation. These adjustments are derived by making assessments of the possible degree of variability using statistical approaches and market-based information where possible. The Company generally subjects all valuations and models to a review process initially and on a periodic basis thereafter. The Company may apply a concentration adjustment to certain of its OTC derivatives portfolios to reflect the additional cost of closing out a particularly large risk position. Where possible, these adjustments are based on observable market information but in many instances significant judgment is required to estimate the costs of closing out concentrated risk positions due to the lack of liquidity in the marketplace.

Allowance for Loan Losses.

The Company places loans on nonaccrual status if principal or interest is past due for a period of 90 days or more or payment of principal or interest is in doubt unless the obligation is well secured and in the process of collection. Payments received on nonaccrual loans held for investment are applied to principal if there is doubt regarding the ultimate collectability of principal (cost recovery method). If collection of the principal of nonaccrual loans held for investment is not in doubt, interest income is recognized on a cash basis. If neither principal nor interest collection is in doubt, loans are on accrual status and interest income is recognized using the effective interest method.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

For purposes of the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents consist of Cash and due from banks and Interest bearing deposits with banks, which are highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less and readily convertible to known amounts of cash, and are held for investment purposes. At June 30, 2011, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Inc. ("MUFG") and the Company converted MUFG's outstanding Series B Non-Cumulative Non-Voting Perpetual Convertible Preferred Stock ("Series B Preferred Stock") in the Company with a face value of $7.8 billion (carrying value $8.1 billion) into the Company's common stock. As a result of the adjustment to the conversion ratio, pursuant to the transaction agreement, the Company incurred a one-time, non-cash negative adjustment of approximately $1.7 billion in its calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share during the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2011 (see Note 13). In addition, in the six months ended June 30, 2010, the Company's significant non-cash activities include assets acquired of approximately $0.4 billion and assumed liabilities of approximately $0.1 billion in connection with a business acquisition and approximately $0.6 billion of equity securities received in connection with the sale of Retail Asset Management.

 

Accounting Developments.

Goodwill Impairment Test.

In December 2010, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the "FASB") issued accounting guidance that modifies Step 1 of the goodwill impairment test for reporting units with zero or negative carrying amounts. For those reporting units, an entity is required to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test if it is more likely than not that a goodwill impairment exists. In determining whether it is more likely than not that a goodwill impairment exists, an entity shall consider whether there are any adverse qualitative factors indicating that an impairment may exist. The qualitative factors are consistent with the existing guidance. This guidance became effective for the Company on January 1, 2011. The adoption of this accounting guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.