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| Loans | Loans Loans includes (i) loans held for investment that are accounted for at amortized cost net of allowance for loan losses or at fair value under the fair value option and (ii) loans held for sale that are accounted for at the lower of cost or fair value. Interest on loans is recognized over the life of the loan and is recorded on an accrual basis. The table below presents information about loans.
In the table above: •Loans held for investment that are accounted for at amortized cost include net deferred fees and costs, and unamortized premiums and discounts, which are amortized over the life of the loan. These amounts were less than 1% of loans accounted for at amortized cost as of both March 2026 and December 2025. •Substantially all loans had floating interest rates as of both March 2026 and December 2025. •During 2025, the firm transferred the Apple Card loan portfolio to held for sale. The following is a description of the loan types in the table above: •Corporate. Corporate loans includes term loans, revolving lines of credit, letter of credit facilities and bridge loans, and are principally used for operating and general corporate purposes, or in connection with acquisitions. Corporate loans are secured (typically by a senior lien on the assets of the borrower) or unsecured, depending on the loan purpose, the risk profile of the borrower and other factors. •Commercial Real Estate. Commercial real estate loans includes originated loans that are directly or indirectly secured by hotels, retail stores, multifamily housing complexes and commercial and industrial properties. Commercial real estate loans also includes loans extended to clients who warehouse assets that are directly or indirectly backed by commercial real estate. In addition, commercial real estate includes loans purchased by the firm. •Residential Real Estate. Residential real estate loans primarily includes loans extended to wealth management clients and to clients who warehouse assets that are directly or indirectly secured by residential real estate. In addition, residential real estate includes loans purchased by the firm. •Securities-Based. Securities-based loans includes loans that are secured by stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and exchange-traded funds. These loans are primarily extended to the firm’s wealth management clients and used for purposes other than purchasing, carrying or trading margin stocks. Securities-based loans require borrowers to post additional collateral on a daily basis (daily margin requirement) based on changes in the underlying collateral’s fair value. •Other Collateralized. Other collateralized loans includes loans that are backed by specific collateral (other than securities-based loans where there is a daily margin requirement and real estate loans). Such loans include loans to investment funds (managed by third parties) that are collateralized by capital commitments of the funds’ investors or assets held by the fund. Other collateralized loans also includes loans extended to clients who warehouse assets (that are directly or indirectly secured by corporate loans, consumer loans and other assets), as well as other secured loans extended to the firm’s wealth management and corporate clients. •Credit Cards. Credit card loans are loans made pursuant to revolving lines of credit issued to consumers by the firm. •Other. Other loans primarily includes unsecured loans extended to wealth management clients and unsecured consumer loans purchased by the firm. See Note 4 for an overview of the firm’s fair value measurement policies, valuation techniques and significant inputs used to determine the fair value of loans, and Note 5 for information about loans within the fair value hierarchy. Credit Quality Risk Assessment. The firm’s risk assessment process includes evaluating the credit quality of its loans by Risk. For corporate loans and a majority of securities-based, real estate, other collateralized and other loans, the firm performs credit analyses which incorporate initial and ongoing evaluations of the capacity and willingness of a borrower to meet its financial obligations. These credit evaluations are performed on an annual basis or more frequently if deemed necessary as a result of events or changes in circumstances. The firm determines an internal credit rating for the borrower by considering the results of the credit evaluations and assumptions with respect to the nature of and outlook for the borrower’s industry and the economic environment. For collateralized loans, the firm also takes into consideration collateral received or other credit support arrangements when determining an internal credit rating. For loans that are not assigned an internal credit rating, including credit card loans and U.S. residential mortgage loans extended to wealth management clients, the firm reviews certain key metrics, including, but not limited to, the Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) credit scores, loan to value ratios, delinquency status, collateral value and other risk factors. Beginning in the first quarter of 2026, the firm began to assess the credit quality of all securities-based loans extended to Goldman Sachs Private Bank Select clients using an internal credit rating, as the firm believes that this metric better reflects the credit quality of such loans. The impact of applying this methodology as of December 2025 would have been an increase in loans classified as investment-grade and a decrease in loans classified as other metrics, each by $4.54 billion. The table below presents gross loans by an internally determined public rating agency equivalent or other credit metrics and the concentration of secured and unsecured loans.
In the table above: •Substantially all residential real estate loans included in the other metrics/unrated category consists of loans extended to wealth management clients. As of both March 2026 and December 2025, substantially all such loans had a loan-to-value ratio of less than 80% and were performing in accordance with the contractual terms. Additionally, as of both March 2026 and December 2025, the vast majority of such loans had a FICO credit score of greater than 740. •The vast majority of securities-based loans included in the other metrics/unrated category as of December 2025 had a loan-to-value ratio of less than 80% and were performing in accordance with the contractual terms. •For credit card loans included in the other metrics/unrated category, the evaluation of credit quality incorporates the borrower’s FICO credit score. During 2025, the firm transferred the Apple Card loan portfolio to held for sale. The firm also assigns a regulatory risk rating to its loans based on the definitions provided by the U.S. federal bank regulatory agencies. Total loans included 96% of loans as of March 2026 and 95% of loans as of December 2025 that were rated pass/non-criticized. Vintage. The tables below present gross loans accounted for at amortized cost by an internally determined public rating agency equivalent or other credit metrics and origination year for term loans.
Credit Concentrations. The table below presents the concentration of gross loans by region.
In the table above: •EMEA represents Europe, Middle East and Africa. •The top five industry concentrations for corporate loans as of March 2026 were 33% for technology, media & telecommunications, 17% for diversified industrials, 13% for real estate, 9% for consumer & retail and 8% for financial institutions. •The top five industry concentrations for corporate loans as of December 2025 were 26% for technology, media & telecommunications, 18% for diversified industrials, 16% for real estate, 10% for consumer & retail and 8% for financial institutions. Nonaccrual, Past Due and Modified Loans. Loans accounted for at amortized cost are placed on nonaccrual status when it is probable that the firm will not collect all principal and interest due under the contractual terms, regardless of the delinquency status or if a loan is past due for 90 days or more, unless the loan is both well collateralized and in the process of collection. At that time, all accrued but uncollected interest is reversed against interest income and interest subsequently collected is recognized on a cash basis to the extent the loan balance is deemed collectible. Otherwise, all cash received is used to reduce the outstanding loan balance. A loan is considered past due when a principal or interest payment has not been made according to its contractual terms. The table below presents information about past due loans accounted for at amortized cost.
The table below presents information about nonaccrual loans accounted for at amortized cost.
In the table above: •Nonaccrual loans included $730 million as of March 2026 and $756 million as of December 2025 of loans that were 30 days or more past due. •Loans that were 90 days or more past due and still accruing were not material as of both March 2026 and December 2025. •Allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total nonaccrual loans was 64.7% as of March 2026 and 63.4% as of December 2025. •Commercial real estate, residential real estate, securities-based and other collateralized loans are collateral dependent loans and the repayment of such loans is generally expected to be provided by the operation or sale of the underlying collateral. The allowance for credit losses for such nonaccrual loans is determined by considering the fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell, if applicable. See Note 4 for further information about fair value measurements. The firm may modify the terms of a loan agreement for a borrower experiencing financial difficulty. Such modifications may include, among other things, forbearance of interest or principal, payment extensions or interest rate reductions. The table below presents the carrying value of loans accounted for at amortized cost, as of both March 2026 and March 2025, that were modified during either the three months ended March 2026 or March 2025.
In the table above: •Loan modifications during both the three months ended March 2026 and March 2025 were primarily in the form of term and payment extensions. The impact of these modifications for both the three months ended March 2026 and March 2025 was not material. •As of March 2026, all of the modified loans were related to corporate and commercial real estate loans. Such modified loans represented less than 1% of both corporate loans (at amortized cost) and commercial real estate loans (at amortized cost). •As of March 2025, substantially all of the modified loans were related to corporate, commercial real estate and credit card loans. Such modified loans represented approximately 1% of corporate loans (at amortized cost), and less than 1% of both commercial real estate loans (at amortized cost) and credit card loans (at amortized cost). •Lending commitments related to modified loans were not material as of both March 2026 and March 2025. •During both the three months ended March 2026 and March 2025, loans that defaulted after being modified were not material. The majority of the modified loans as of March 2026 and substantially all of the modified loans as of March 2025 were performing in accordance with the modified contractual terms. Allowance for Credit Losses The firm’s allowance for credit losses consists of the allowance for losses on loans and lending commitments accounted for at amortized cost. Loans and lending commitments accounted for at fair value or accounted for at the lower of cost or fair value are not subject to an allowance for credit losses. To determine the allowance for credit losses, the firm classifies its loans and lending commitments accounted for at amortized cost into loan portfolios based on the level at which the firm has developed and documented its methodology to determine the allowance for credit losses. Following the transfer of the Apple Card loan portfolio to held for sale in December 2025, all of the firm's loans and lending commitments subject to the allowance for credit losses are classified in the wholesale portfolio. The allowance for credit losses is measured on a collective basis for loans that exhibit similar risk characteristics using a modeled approach and on an asset-specific basis for loans that do not share similar risk characteristics. The allowance for credit losses takes into account the weighted average of a range of forecasts of future economic conditions over the expected life of the loans and lending commitments. The expected life of each loan or lending commitment is determined based on the contractual term adjusted for extension options or demand features. The forecasts include multiple economic scenarios over a three-year period. For loans with expected lives beyond three years, the model reverts to historical loss information based on a non-linear modeled approach. The forecasted economic scenarios consider a number of risk factors relevant to the wholesale portfolio, as described below. The firm applies judgment in weighting individual scenarios each quarter based on a variety of factors, including the firm’s internally derived economic outlook, market consensus, recent macroeconomic conditions and industry trends. The allowance for credit losses for wholesale loans and lending commitments that exhibit similar risk characteristics is measured using a modeled approach. These models determine the probability of default and loss given default based on various risk factors, including internal credit ratings, industry default and loss data, expected life, macroeconomic indicators, the borrower’s capacity to meet its financial obligations, the borrower’s country of risk and industry, loan seniority and collateral type. For lending commitments, the methodology also considers the probability of drawdowns or funding. In addition, for loans backed by real estate, risk factors include the loan-to-value ratio, debt service ratio and home price index. The most significant inputs to the forecast model for wholesale loans and lending commitments include unemployment rates, GDP, credit spreads, commercial and industrial delinquency rates, short- and long-term interest rates, and oil prices. The allowance for loan losses for wholesale loans that do not share similar risk characteristics, such as nonaccrual loans, is calculated using the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the observable market price of the loan, or, in the case of collateral dependent loans, the fair value of the collateral less estimated costs to sell, if applicable. Wholesale loans are charged off against the allowance for loan losses when such loans are determined to be uncollectible. Such determination is based on several factors, which may include the expected outcome of loan restructuring efforts and the valuation of the underlying collateral. The allowance for credit losses also includes qualitative components which allow management to reflect the uncertain nature of economic forecasting, capture uncertainty regarding model inputs, and account for model imprecision and concentration risk. The qualitative factors considered by management include, among others, changes and trends in loan portfolios, uncertainties associated with the macroeconomic and geopolitical environments, credit concentrations, changes in volume and severity of past due and criticized loans, idiosyncratic events and deterioration within an industry or region. Management’s estimate of credit losses entails judgment about the expected life of the loan and loan collectability at the reporting dates, and there are uncertainties inherent in those judgments. The allowance for credit losses is subject to a governance process that involves senior management within Risk and Controllers. Personnel within Risk are responsible for forecasting the economic variables that underlie the economic scenarios that are used in the modeling of expected credit losses. While management uses the best information available to determine this estimate, future adjustments to the allowance may be necessary based on, among other things, changes in the economic environment or variances between actual results and the original assumptions used. The table below presents gross loans and lending commitments accounted for at amortized cost, all of which are included in the wholesale portfolio.
In the table above, loans included $3.62 billion as of March 2026 and $3.39 billion as of December 2025 of nonaccrual loans for which the allowance for credit losses was measured on an asset-specific basis. The allowance for credit losses on these loans was $1.08 billion as of March 2026 and $975 million as of December 2025. These loans included $507 million as of March 2026 and $656 million as of December 2025 of loans which did not require a reserve as the loan was deemed to be recoverable. See Note 18 for further information about lending commitments. Allowance for Credit Losses Rollforward The table below presents information about the allowance for credit losses.
In the table above: •During 2025, the firm had credit card loans accounted for at amortized cost that were included in the consumer portfolio. Such loans were transferred to held for sale in December 2025. The allowance for credit losses for consumer loans that exhibited similar risk characteristics was calculated using a modeled approach which classified consumer loans into pools based on borrower-related and exposure-related characteristics that differentiated a pool’s risk characteristics from other pools. Credit card loans were charged off when they were 180 days past due. •Other (within allowance for loan losses) primarily represented the reduction to the allowance related to loans transferred to held for sale. •The allowance ratio is calculated by dividing the allowance for loan losses by gross loans accounted for at amortized cost. •The net charge-off ratio is calculated by dividing annualized net (charge-offs)/recoveries by average gross loans accounted for at amortized cost. Forecast Model Inputs as of March 2026 When modeling expected credit losses, the firm employs a weighted, multi-scenario forecast, which includes baseline, favorable and adverse economic scenarios. As of March 2026, this multi-scenario forecast was weighted towards the baseline and adverse economic scenarios. The table below presents the forecasted U.S. unemployment and U.S. GDP growth rates used in the baseline economic scenario of the forecast model.
In the table above: •U.S. unemployment rate represents the rate forecasted as of the respective quarter-end. •U.S. GDP rate represents the year-over-year growth rate forecasted for the respective years. The adverse economic scenario of the forecast model reflects a global recession, resulting in an economic contraction and rising unemployment rates. In this scenario, the U.S. unemployment rate peaks at 7.4% (during the second quarter of 2027) and the maximum decline in quarterly U.S. GDP relative to the first quarter of 2026 is 2.7% (which occurs during the first quarter of 2027). In the multi-scenario forecast, the weighted average peak U.S. unemployment rate is 5.5% (during the second quarter of 2027) and the largest difference in quarterly U.S. GDP between the baseline scenario and the weighted average is 1.7% (which occurs during the third quarter of 2027). While the U.S. unemployment and U.S. GDP growth rates are significant inputs to the forecast model, the model contemplates a variety of other inputs across a range of scenarios to provide a forecast of future economic conditions. Given the complex nature of the forecasting process, no single economic variable can be viewed in isolation and independently of other inputs. Allowance for Credit Losses Commentary Three Months Ended March 2026. The allowance for credit losses increased by $258 million during the three months ended March 2026, primarily reflecting portfolio growth and asset-specific provisions relating to wholesale loans. Charge-offs for the three months ended March 2026 for wholesale loans were not material. Three Months Ended March 2025. The allowance for credit losses decreased by $125 million during the three months ended March 2025, primarily reflecting a reserve release relating to credit card loans due to lower balances resulting from seasonal repayments. Charge-offs for the three months ended March 2025 for wholesale loans were not material. Estimated Fair Value The table below presents the estimated fair value of loans that are not accounted for at fair value and in what level of the fair value hierarchy they would have been classified if they had been included in the firm’s fair value hierarchy.
See Note 4 for an overview of the firm’s fair value measurement policies, valuation techniques and significant inputs used to determine the fair value of loans, and Note 5 for information about loans within the fair value hierarchy. |
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