SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES |
12 Months Ended |
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Dec. 31, 2025 | |
| Accounting Policies [Abstract] | |
| SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Throughout these Notes, “Citigroup,” “Citi” and the “Company” refer to Citigroup Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. Certain reclassifications and updates have been made to the prior periods’ financial statements and notes to conform to the current period’s presentation. Principles of Consolidation The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Citigroup and its subsidiaries prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The Company consolidates subsidiaries in which it holds, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the voting rights or where it exercises control. Entities in which the Company holds 20% to 50% of the voting rights and/or has the ability to exercise significant influence, other than investments of designated venture capital subsidiaries or investments accounted for at fair value under the fair value option, are accounted for under the equity method, and the pro rata share of their income (loss) is included in Other revenue. Income from investments in less-than-20%-owned companies is recognized when dividends are received. As discussed in more detail in Note 23, Citigroup also consolidates entities deemed to be variable interest entities when Citigroup is determined to be the primary beneficiary. Gains and losses on the disposition of branches, subsidiaries, affiliates, buildings and other investments are included in Other revenue. Citibank Citibank, N.A. (Citibank) is a commercial bank and indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Citigroup. Citibank’s principal offerings include the following: •investment banking •commercial banking •cash management •trade finance and e-commerce •private banking products and services •consumer finance, credit cards and mortgage lending •retail banking products and services Uses of Special Purpose Entities A special purpose entity (SPE) is an entity designed to fulfill a specific limited need of a sponsoring company. Citi’s principal uses of SPEs include securitizing certain of Citi’s financial assets, assisting clients in their securitizations of financial assets, creating investment products for clients, obtaining liquidity and optimizing capital efficiency through the transfer of financial assets to SPEs that issue beneficial interests. The holders of beneficial interests issued by an SPE usually only have recourse to the assets in the SPE, but SPEs may also be subject to other credit enhancements provided for the benefit of the beneficial interest holders, such as collateral accounts, lines of credit or liquidity facilities (e.g., a liquidity put option or asset purchase agreement). Such enhancements generally allow the beneficial interests issued by an SPE to receive a more favorable credit rating than the transferor could obtain for its own debt issuances, which results in lower financing costs. SPEs may be organized in various legal forms, including trusts, partnerships or corporations, and commonly qualify as variable interest entities. Variable Interest Entities An entity is a variable interest entity (VIE) if it meets any of the criteria outlined in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 810, Consolidation, which are: •the entity does not have sufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support; •the entity’s at-risk equity investors, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest; or •the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. Variable interests are arrangements that absorb the variability generated by a VIE and include (but are not limited to) debt or equity interests, guarantees or liquidity arrangements, certain fee arrangements and certain derivative contracts. A holder of a variable interest that represents a controlling financial interest is deemed to be the primary beneficiary and must consolidate the VIE. A controlling financial interest provides the holder with the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and has the potential to absorb losses or receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE, without consideration of probability. The Company generally does not consider the following arrangements to be variable interests: •Acting as a derivative counterparty (e.g., interest rate swap, cross-currency swap or purchaser of credit protection under a credit default swap or total return swap where the Company pays the total return on certain assets to the SPE) •Acting as underwriter or placement agent •Providing administrative, trustee or other services •Making a market in debt securities or other instruments issued by VIEs VIEs are monitored on an ongoing basis to assess if any changes in facts or circumstances may indicate that the entity’s VIE status should be reassessed or whether there may be a change in the party that is the primary beneficiary. Entities deemed not to be VIEs are evaluated for consolidation under other subtopics of ASC 810. See Note 23 for additional information. Transfers of Financial Assets For a transfer of financial assets to be considered a sale: •the assets must be legally isolated from the Company, even in bankruptcy or other receivership; •the purchaser must have the right to pledge or sell the assets transferred (or, if the purchaser is an entity whose sole purpose is to engage in securitization and asset backed financing activities through the issuance of beneficial interests and that entity is constrained from pledging the assets it receives, each beneficial interest holder must have the right to sell or pledge their beneficial interests); and •the Company may not have an option or obligation to reacquire the transferred assets. If these requirements are met, the transferred assets are derecognized from the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. If the conditions are not met, the referenced assets are not derecognized from the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet and the sale proceeds are recognized as a secured borrowing liability. For complex transactions or where the Company has continuing involvement with the transferred assets, a legal true sale opinion is commonly obtained to support the first criterion above. See Note 23 for further discussion. Securitizations In a securitization, financial assets are transferred to an SPE that is generally a VIE. The entity issues beneficial interests that may be in the form of debt and equity instruments, certificates, commercial paper or other forms of indebtedness. Funds received from the sale of the beneficial interests allow the transferor of the assets to monetize all (or a portion) of the transferred assets before the cash would have been realized in the normal course of business. The beneficial interests are recorded as liabilities on the balance sheet of the SPE, which may or may not be consolidated onto the balance sheet of the transferor. Beneficial interests issued by a non-consolidated SPE may be retained and recorded on Citi’s Consolidated Balance Sheet in the form of interest-only strips, senior or subordinated tranches, spread accounts, servicing rights or other participating interests. Where Citi consolidates a securitization entity, such as the SPEs employed to securitize credit card receivables, the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet continues to reflect the transferred financial assets and related secured borrowing liabilities and does not reflect any beneficial interests in those assets. Substantially all of the consumer loans securitized by Citigroup through non-consolidated SPEs are U.S. prime residential mortgage loans. Retained interests in non-consolidated mortgage securitization trusts are classified as Trading account assets, except for MSRs, which are included in Intangible assets on Citigroup’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. Foreign Currency Translation Assets and liabilities of Citi’s foreign operations are translated from their respective functional currencies into U.S. dollars using period-end spot foreign exchange rates. Equity accounts are translated at the historical exchange rate. Revenues and expenses of Citi’s foreign operations are translated monthly from their respective functional currencies into U.S. dollars at amounts that approximate weighted-average exchange rates. The effects of those translation adjustments are reported in cumulative translation adjustment (CTA) within Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), a component of stockholders’ equity, net of any related hedge and tax effects, until realized upon sale or substantial liquidation of the foreign entity, at which point such amounts are reclassified into earnings. For transactions that are denominated in a currency other than the functional currency, including transactions denominated in the local currencies of foreign operations that use the U.S. dollar as their functional currency, the effects of changes in exchange rates are included in Principal transactions, along with the related effects of any qualifying and economic hedges. Instruments used to hedge foreign currency exposures include foreign currency forward, option and swap contracts and, in certain instances, designated issues of non-U.S.-dollar debt. Fair Value ASC 820-10 specifies a hierarchy of inputs based on whether the inputs are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs are developed using market data and reflect market participant assumptions, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs have created the following fair value hierarchy: •Level 1: Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets. •Level 2: Quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and value drivers are observable in the market. •Level 3: Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or significant value drivers are unobservable. As required under the fair value hierarchy, the Company considers relevant and observable market inputs in its valuations where possible. The fair value hierarchy classification approach typically utilizes rules-based and data-driven criteria to determine whether an instrument is classified as Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3: •The determination of whether an instrument is quoted in an active market and therefore considered a Level 1 instrument is based on the frequency of observed transactions and the quality of independent market data available on the measurement date. •A Level 2 classification is assigned where there is observability of prices/market inputs to models, or where any unobservable inputs are not significant to the valuation. The determination of whether an input is considered observable is based on the availability of independent market data and its corroboration, for example through observed transactions in the market. •Otherwise, an instrument is classified as Level 3. Determination of Fair Value and Hierarchy Levels For assets and liabilities carried at fair value, the Company measures fair value using the procedures set out below, irrespective of whether the assets and liabilities are measured at fair value as a result of an election, a non-recurring lower- of-cost-or-market (LOCOM) adjustment, or because they are required to be measured at fair value. When available, the Company uses quoted market prices from active markets to determine fair value and classifies such items as Level 1. In some specific cases where a market price is available, the Company will apply practical expedients (such as matrix pricing) to calculate fair value, in which case the items may be classified as Level 2. The Company may also apply a price-based methodology that utilizes, where available, quoted prices or other market information obtained from recent trading activity in positions with the same or similar characteristics to the position being valued. If relevant and observable prices are available, those valuations may be classified as Level 2. However, when there are one or more significant unobservable “price” inputs, those valuations will be classified as Level 3. Furthermore, when a quoted price is considered stale, a significant adjustment to the price of a similar security is necessary to reflect differences in the terms of the actual security being valued, or alternatively, when prices from independent sources are insufficient to corroborate a valuation, the “price” inputs are considered unobservable and the fair value measurements are classified as Level 3. If quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed valuation techniques that use, where possible, current market-based parameters, such as interest rates, currency rates and option volatilities. Items valued using such internally generated valuation techniques are classified according to the lowest level input or value driver that is significant to the valuation. Thus, an item may be classified as Level 3 even though there may be some significant inputs that are readily observable. Investment Securities Investments include debt and equity securities. Debt securities include bonds, notes and redeemable preferred stocks, as well as certain loan-backed and structured securities that are subject to prepayment risk. Equity securities include common and nonredeemable preferred stock. Debt Securities •Debt securities classified as “held-to-maturity” (HTM) are securities that the Company has both the ability and the intent to hold until maturity and are carried at amortized cost. •Debt securities classified as “available-for-sale” (AFS) are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reported in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI), a component of stockholders’ equity, net of applicable income taxes and hedges. •Interest income on HTM and AFS debt securities is included in Interest revenue. Accrued interest on these securities is subject to the Company’s non-accrual policy, which results in the timely write-off of uncollectible accrued interest. Debt securities are subject to evaluation for impairment as described in “Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL)” below for HTM securities. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are included in earnings, primarily on a specific identification basis. Evaluating Investments for Impairment—AFS Debt Securities The Company conducts periodic reviews of all AFS debt securities with unrealized losses to evaluate whether the impairment resulted from expected credit losses or from other factors and to evaluate the Company’s intent to sell such securities. An AFS debt security is impaired when the current fair value of an individual AFS debt security is less than its amortized cost basis. The Company recognizes the entire difference between amortized cost basis and fair value in earnings for impaired AFS debt securities that Citi has an intent to sell or for which Citi believes it will more-likely-than-not be required to sell prior to recovery of the amortized cost basis. However, for those AFS debt securities that the Company does not intend to sell and is not likely to be required to sell, only the credit-related impairment is recognized in earnings by recording an allowance for credit losses. Any remaining fair value decline for such securities is recorded in AOCI. The Company does not consider the length of time that the fair value of a security is below its amortized cost when determining if a credit loss exists. For AFS debt securities, credit losses exist where Citi does not expect to receive contractual principal and interest cash flows sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis of a security. The allowance for credit losses is limited to the amount by which the AFS debt security’s amortized cost basis exceeds its fair value. The allowance is increased or decreased if credit conditions subsequently worsen or improve. Reversals of credit losses are recognized in earnings. The Company’s review for impairment of AFS debt securities generally entails: •identification and evaluation of impaired investments; •consideration of evidential matter, including an evaluation of factors or triggers that could cause individual positions to qualify as credit impaired and those that would not support credit impairment; and •documentation of the results of these analyses, as required under business policies. The sections below describe the Company’s process for identifying expected credit impairments for debt security types that typically have significant unrealized losses relative to their fair value. Agency Mortgage-Backed Securities Citi records no allowances for credit losses on U.S. government-agency-guaranteed mortgage-backed securities, because the Company expects to incur no credit losses in the event of default due to a history of incurring no credit losses and due to the nature of the counterparties. State and Municipal Securities The process for estimating credit losses in Citigroup’s AFS state and municipal bonds is primarily based on a credit analysis that incorporates third-party credit ratings. Citi monitors the bond issuers and any insurers providing default protection in the form of financial guarantee insurance. The average external credit rating, disregarding any insurance, is Aa2/AA. In the event of an external rating downgrade or other indicator of credit impairment (i.e., based on instrument-specific estimates of cash flows or probability of issuer default), the subject bond is specifically reviewed for adverse changes in the amount or timing of expected contractual principal and interest payments. Equity Securities •Marketable equity securities are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings. •Non-marketable equity securities are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings unless (i) the measurement alternative is elected or (ii) the investment represents Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock or certain exchange seats that continue to be carried at cost. Non-marketable equity securities under the measurement alternative are carried at cost less impairment (if any), plus or minus changes resulting from observed prices for orderly transactions for the identical or a similar investment of the same issuer. •Equity securities that are not measured at fair value through earnings are subject to evaluation for impairment as described in Note 14. •Certain investments that would otherwise have been accounted for using the equity method are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings, where the Company has elected to apply fair value accounting, as described in Note 27. •The Company uses a number of valuation techniques for investments carried at fair value, which are described in Note 26. Equity Method Investments Management assesses equity method investments that have fair values that are less than their respective carrying values for other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI). Fair value is measured as price multiplied by quantity if the investee has publicly listed securities. If the investee is not publicly listed, other methods are used (see Note 26). For impaired equity method investments that Citi plans to sell prior to recovery of value or would more-likely-than-not be required to sell, with no expectation that the fair value will recover prior to the expected sale date, the full impairment is recognized as OTTI in Other revenue regardless of severity and duration. The measurement of the OTTI does not include partial projected recoveries subsequent to the balance sheet date. For impaired equity method investments that management does not plan to sell and is not more-likely-than-not to be required to sell prior to recovery of value, the evaluation of whether an impairment is other-than-temporary is based on (i) whether and when an equity method investment will recover in value and (ii) whether the investor has the intent and ability to hold that investment for a period of time sufficient to recover the value. The determination of whether the impairment is considered other-than-temporary considers the following indicators: •the cause of the impairment and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, including any specific events that may influence the operations of the issuer; •the intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value; and •the length of time and extent to which fair value has been less than the carrying value. Trading Account Assets and Liabilities Trading account assets include debt and marketable equity securities, derivatives in a receivable position, residual interests in securitizations and physical commodities inventory. In addition, as described in Note 27, certain assets that Citigroup has elected to carry at fair value under the fair value option, such as loans and purchased guarantees, are also included in Trading account assets. Trading account liabilities include securities sold, not yet purchased (short positions) and derivatives in a net payable position, as well as certain liabilities that Citigroup has elected to carry at fair value (as described in Note 27). Other than physical commodities inventory, all trading account assets and liabilities are carried at fair value. Revenues generated from trading assets and certain trading liabilities are generally reported in Principal transactions and include realized gains and losses as well as unrealized gains and losses resulting from changes in the fair value of such instruments. Interest income on trading assets, other than trading securities, is recorded in Interest revenue reduced by interest expense on trading liabilities. Interest income on trading securities is recorded in Principal transactions. Physical commodities inventory is carried at the lower of cost or market, except when included in a hedging relationship. Any gains and losses related to physical commodities inventory are reported in Principal transactions. Realized gains and losses on hedged commodities inventories and sales of commodities inventory are included in Principal transactions. Investments in unallocated precious metals accounts (gold, silver, platinum and palladium) are accounted for as hybrid instruments containing a debt host contract and an embedded non-financial derivative instrument indexed to the price of the relevant precious metal. The embedded derivative instrument and debt host contract are carried at fair value under the fair value option, as described in Note 27. The Company manages its exposures to market movements outside of its trading activities by modifying the asset and liability mix, either directly or through the use of derivative financial products, including interest rate swaps, futures, forwards, purchased options and commodities, as well as foreign exchange contracts. These end-user derivatives are carried at fair value in Trading account assets and Trading account liabilities. See Note 24 for a further discussion of the Company’s hedging and derivative activities. Derivatives include interest rate, currency, equity, credit and commodity swap agreements, options, caps and floors, warrants, and financial and commodity futures and forward contracts. Derivative asset and liability positions are presented net by counterparty on the Consolidated Balance Sheet when a valid master netting agreement exists and the other conditions set out in ASC Topic 210-20, Balance Sheet—Offsetting, are met. See Note 24. The Company uses a number of techniques to determine the fair value of trading assets and liabilities, which are described in Note 26. Accounting for Derivative Hedging Citigroup accounts for its hedging activities in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. As a general rule, hedge accounting is permitted where the Company is exposed to a particular risk, such as interest rate or foreign exchange risk, that causes changes in the fair value of an asset or liability or variability in the expected future cash flows of an existing asset, liability or a forecasted transaction that may affect earnings. Derivative contracts hedging the risks associated with changes in fair value are referred to as fair value hedges, while contracts hedging the variability of expected future cash flows are cash flow hedges. Hedges that utilize derivatives or debt instruments to manage the foreign exchange risk associated with equity investments in non-U.S.-dollar-functional-currency foreign subsidiaries (i.e., net investment in a foreign operation) are net investment hedges. To qualify as an accounting hedge under the hedge accounting rules (versus an economic hedge where hedge accounting is not applied), a hedging relationship must be highly effective in offsetting the risk designated as being hedged. The hedging relationship must be formally documented at inception, detailing the particular risk management objective and strategy for the hedge. This includes the item and risk(s) being hedged, the hedging instrument being used and how effectiveness will be assessed. The effectiveness of these hedging relationships is evaluated at hedge inception and on an ongoing basis both on a retrospective and prospective basis, typically using quantitative measures of correlation. Hedge effectiveness assessment methodologies are performed in a similar manner for similar hedges, and are used consistently throughout the hedging relationships. The assessment of effectiveness may exclude changes in the value of the hedged item that are unrelated to the risks being hedged and the changes in fair value of the derivative associated with time value. Discontinued Hedge Accounting A hedging instrument must be highly effective in accomplishing the hedge objective of offsetting either changes in the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item for the risk being hedged. Management may voluntarily de-designate an accounting hedge at any time, but if a hedging relationship is not highly effective, it no longer qualifies for hedge accounting and must be de-designated. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the derivative are recognized in Principal transactions, similar to trading derivatives, with no offset recorded related to the hedged item. For fair value hedges, any changes in the carrying value of the hedged item remain as part of the basis of the asset or liability and are ultimately realized as an element of the yield on the item. For cash flow hedges, changes in fair value of the end-user derivative remain in Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) and are included in the earnings of future periods when the forecasted hedged cash flows impact earnings. However, if it becomes probable that some or all of the hedged forecasted transactions will not occur, any amounts that remain in AOCI related to these transactions must be immediately reflected in Other revenue. The foregoing criteria are applied on a decentralized basis, consistent with the level at which market risk is managed, but are subject to various limits and controls. The underlying asset, liability or forecasted transaction may be an individual item or a portfolio of similar items. Fair Value Hedges Hedging of Benchmark Interest Rate Risk Citigroup’s fair value hedges, which include hedges of closed pools of assets, are primarily hedges of fixed-rate long-term debt or assets, such as available-for-sale debt securities or loans. For qualifying fair value hedges of interest rate risk, the changes in the fair value of the derivative and the change in the fair value of the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are presented within Interest income or Interest expense based on whether the hedged item is an asset or a liability. Hedging of Foreign Exchange Risk Citigroup hedges the change in fair value attributable to foreign exchange rate movements in available-for-sale debt securities and long-term debt that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the entity holding the securities or issuing the debt. The hedging instrument is generally a forward foreign exchange contract or a cross-currency swap contract. Changes in the fair value of the forward points (i.e., the spot-forward difference) of forward contracts are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are generally reflected directly in earnings over the life of the hedge. Citi also excludes changes in the fair value of cross-currency basis associated with cross-currency swaps from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and records them in Other comprehensive income. Hedging of Commodity Price Risk Citigroup hedges the change in fair value attributable to spot price movements in physical commodities inventories. The hedging instrument is a futures contract to sell the underlying commodity. In this hedge, the change in the carrying value of the hedged inventory is reflected in earnings, which offsets the change in the fair value of the futures contract that is also reflected in earnings. Although the entire change in the fair value of the hedging instrument is recorded in earnings, under certain hedge programs, Citigroup excludes changes in the fair value of the forward points (i.e., spot-forward difference) of the futures contract from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, and they are generally reflected directly in earnings over the life of the hedge. Under other hedge programs, Citi excludes changes in the fair value of forward points from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and records them in Other comprehensive income. Cumulative Basis Adjustment Upon electing to apply ASC 815 fair value hedge accounting, the carrying value of the hedged item is adjusted to reflect the cumulative changes in the hedged risk. This cumulative basis adjustment becomes part of the carrying amount of the hedged item until the hedged item is derecognized from the balance sheet. Cash Flow Hedges Citigroup hedges the variability of forecasted cash flows due to changes in contractually specified interest rates associated with floating-rate assets/liabilities and other forecasted transactions. Variable cash flows from those liabilities are synthetically converted to fixed-rate cash flows by entering into receive-variable, pay-fixed interest rate swaps and receive-variable, pay-fixed forward-starting interest rate swaps. Variable cash flows associated with certain assets are synthetically converted to fixed-rate cash flows by entering into receive-fixed, pay-variable interest rate swaps. These cash flow hedging relationships use regression to assess whether the hedging relationships are highly effective at inception and on an ongoing basis. For cash flow hedges, the entire change in the fair value of the hedging derivative is recognized in AOCI and then reclassified to earnings in the same period that the forecasted hedged cash flows impact earnings. Net Investment Hedges Consistent with ASC 830-20, Foreign Currency Matters—Foreign Currency Transactions, ASC 815 allows the hedging of the foreign currency risk of a net investment in a foreign operation. Citigroup uses foreign currency forwards, cross-currency swaps, options and foreign currency-denominated debt instruments to manage the foreign exchange risk associated with Citigroup’s equity investments in several non-U.S.-dollar-functional-currency foreign subsidiaries. Citi records the change in the fair value of these hedging instruments and the translation adjustment for the investments in these foreign subsidiaries in Foreign currency translation adjustment (CTA) within AOCI. For derivatives designated as net investment hedges, Citigroup follows the forward-rate method outlined in ASC 815-35-35. According to that method, all changes in fair value, including changes related to the forward-rate component of the foreign currency forward contracts and the time value of foreign currency options, are recorded in CTA within AOCI. For foreign currency-denominated debt instruments that are designated as hedges of net investments, the translation gain or loss that is recorded in CTA is based on the spot exchange rate between the functional currency of the respective subsidiary and the U.S. dollar, which is the functional currency of Citigroup. Economic Hedges Citigroup often uses economic hedges when hedge accounting would be too complex or operationally burdensome. End-user derivatives that are economic hedges are carried at fair value, with changes in value included in either Principal transactions or Other revenue. For economic hedges of fixed-rate long-term debt, the derivative is recorded at fair value on the balance sheet with the associated changes in fair value recorded in earnings, while the debt continues to be carried at amortized cost (unless the fair value option is elected for the debt). Therefore, current earnings are affected by the interest rate shifts and other factors that cause a change in the swap’s value, but for which no offsetting change in value is recorded on the debt. Additional economic hedges include hedges of the credit risk component of commercial loans and loan commitments. Citigroup periodically evaluates its hedging strategies in other areas and may designate either an accounting hedge or an economic hedge after considering the relative costs and benefits. Economic hedges are also employed when the hedged item itself is marked-to-market through current earnings, such as hedges of commitments to originate one- to four-family mortgage loans to be HFS and MSRs. Securities Borrowed and Securities Loaned Citi executes transactions where securities are borrowed, loaned and subject to repurchase agreements primarily through its broker-dealer subsidiaries to facilitate customer matched-book activity and to efficiently fund a portion of Citi’s trading inventory. Transactions are also executed by Citi’s bank subsidiaries, primarily to facilitate customer financing activity. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase (repos) and securities purchased under agreements to resell (reverse repos) do not constitute a sale (or purchase) of the underlying securities for accounting purposes and are treated as collateralized financing transactions. Where the conditions of ASC 210-20-45-11, Balance Sheet—Offsetting: Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Agreements, are met, repos and reverse repos are presented net on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Similarly, securities borrowing and lending agreements that are not repos or reverse repos do not qualify as sales of the underlying securities and are also treated as collateralized financing transactions. They are generally documented under industry standard agreements that allow the prompt close-out of all transactions (including the liquidation of securities held) and the offsetting of obligations to return cash or securities by the non-defaulting party, following a payment default or other default by the other party under a relevant master agreement. Unlike repo and reverse repo transactions, securities borrowing and lending agreements and related master netting agreements must meet the conditions of ASC 210-20-45-1, Balance Sheet—Offsetting: Right of Setoff Conditions, to be presented net on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Consistent with these requirements, the enforceability of offsetting rights under securities borrowing and lending master netting agreements is evidenced by legal opinions from counsel of recognized standing that provide the requisite level of certainty regarding the enforceability of the agreements and that the exercise of the offsetting rights by the non-defaulting party will not be stayed or avoided under applicable law upon an event of default, including bankruptcy, insolvency or similar proceeding. In some jurisdictions and for some counterparty types, the insolvency law for a particular counterparty type may be nonexistent or unclear as overlapping regimes may exist. In such cases, a legal opinion may not have been sought or obtained regarding the enforceability of offsetting rights. For example, this may be the case for certain sovereigns, municipalities, central banks and U.S. pension plans. In these circumstances, securities borrowing and lending transactions are not subject to netting on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Securities borrowed, loaned and subject to repurchase agreements are generally recorded at the amount of proceeds advanced or received plus accrued interest, and as described in Note 27, the Company has also elected to record certain transactions at fair value through an election under the fair value option. Fees received or paid related to securities borrowing and lending transactions are recorded in Interest revenue or Interest expense at the contractually specified rate. Interest paid or received on all collateralized financing transactions is recorded in Interest expense or Interest revenue at the contractually specified rate. As described in Note 26, the Company uses a discounted cash flow technique to determine the fair value of its collateralized financing transactions executed under securities borrowed, loaned and subject to repurchase agreements. Citi manages the risks in its collateralized financing transactions by conducting daily stress tests to account for changes in capacity, tenors, haircut, collateral profile and client actions. In addition, Citi maintains counterparty diversification by establishing concentration triggers and assessing counterparty reliability and stability under stress. The Company’s policy is to take possession of underlying collateral, monitor its market value relative to the amounts due under the agreements and, when necessary, require prompt transfer of additional collateral in order to maintain contractual margin protection. With respect to securities loaned, the Company receives cash collateral in an amount generally in excess of the market value of the securities loaned. The Company monitors the fair value of securities subject to repurchase or resale on a daily basis and posts additional collateral in order to maintain contractual margin protection. Collateral typically consists of government and government-agency securities, corporate and municipal bonds, equities and mortgage- and other asset-backed securities. The counterparty that receives the securities in these transactions is generally unrestricted in its use of the securities, with the exception of transactions executed on a triparty basis, where the collateral is maintained by a custodian and operational limitations may restrict its use of the securities. Loans Loans that are held-for-investment (HFI) are classified as Loans on the Consolidated Balance Sheet and are reported at their outstanding principal balances net of any unearned income and unamortized deferred fees and costs, except for credit card receivable balances, which include accrued interest and fees, and certain loans for which Citi has elected the fair value option (see “Loans at Fair Value” below). Loan origination fees and certain direct origination costs are generally deferred and recognized as adjustments to income over the lives of the related loans. The related cash flows for HFI loans are included within the cash flows from the investing activities category in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows on the line Change in loans. However, when the initial intent for holding a loan has changed from HFI to held-for-sale (HFS), the loan is reclassified to HFS and included in Other assets, but the related cash flows continue to be reported in cash flows from investing activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows on the line Proceeds from sales and securitizations of loans. See “Loans Held-for-Sale” and “Changes in Loan Classification” below. Consumer Loans Consumer loans represent loans and leases managed primarily by the USPB, Wealth and All Other—Legacy Franchises businesses (except Mexico SBMM loans). Delinquency Status Delinquency status is monitored and considered a key indicator of credit quality of consumer loans. Principally, the U.S. residential first mortgage loans use the Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) method of reporting delinquencies, which considers a loan delinquent if a monthly payment has not been received by the end of the day immediately preceding the loan’s next due date. All other loans use a method of reporting delinquencies that considers a loan delinquent if a monthly payment has not been received by the close of business on the loan’s next due date. Consumer Non-accrual Policies For installment and real estate loans, Citi’s non-accrual policy is that generally, prior to charge-off, interest accrual ceases when payments are 90 days contractually past due (DPD), with the exception of certain loans insured by U.S. government agencies. With the exception of certain international portfolios, credit cards and other unsecured revolving loans generally are not subject to non-accrual policies and continue to accrue interest until charged off at 180 DPD. Details of Citi’s charge-off policies are provided further below. Consumer Loan Modification, Re-Aging and Return to Accrual Status Citi evaluates and may modify consumer loans to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to minimize losses, avoid foreclosure or repossession of collateral and ultimately maximize payments received from the borrowers. Citi uses various metrics to identify consumer borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, with the primary indicator being delinquency at the time of modification. For U.S. consumer loans, generally one of the conditions to qualify for modification is that a minimum number of payments (typically ranging from one to three) must be made. For mortgage loans, Citi enters into a trial modification with the borrower, which generally represents a three-month period during which the borrower makes monthly payments under the anticipated modified payment terms, before entering into a permanent modification. These loans under trial modifications continue to age and accrue interest in accordance with their original contractual terms. Upon permanent modification, the loan is re-aged to current status. Specifically, re-aging practices for certain open-ended consumer loans, such as credit cards, are governed by Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (FFIEC) guidelines, which require at least three consecutive minimum monthly payments or the equivalent amount, to be re-aged to current status. In addition, re-aging is subject to limitations, generally once in 12 months and twice in five years. Furthermore, FHA and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) loans may only be modified under those respective agencies’ guidelines, and payments are not always required in order to re-age a modified loan to current. In general, a loan returns to accrual status when none of its principal and interest is due and unpaid and the bank expects the full collection of all contractual principal and interest (including any prior charge-offs) on such loan. For modified loans, the policy for returning to accrual status varies by product and/or region. For regulated bank entities, such modified loans are returned to accrual status if a credit evaluation at the time of, or subsequent to, the modification indicates the borrower is able to meet the restructured terms, and the borrower is current and has demonstrated a reasonable period of sustained payment performance (minimum six months of consecutive payments). Consumer Charge-Off Policies Unless the loan had been modified and subsequently returned to accrual status per the above policies, the loan is charged off following the general guidelines below: •Unsecured installment loans are charged off at 120 DPD or, if in bankruptcy, within 60 days of notification of filing by the bankruptcy court, if earlier. •Unsecured revolving loans and credit card loans are charged off at 180 DPD or, if in bankruptcy, within 60 days of notification of filing in the bankruptcy court, if earlier. •Loans secured with non-real estate collateral are written down to the estimated value of the collateral, less costs to sell, at 120 DPD. •Real estate-secured loans are written down to the estimated value of the property, less costs to sell, at 180 DPD, with the following exceptions: (i) if the decision is made not to foreclose, loans are charged off no later than 180 DPD; or (ii) if in bankruptcy, other than FHA-insured loans, loans are charged off within 60 days of notification of filing by the bankruptcy court, if earlier. Corporate Loans Corporate loans represent loans and leases managed by Services, Markets and Banking and the Mexico SBMM component of All Other—Legacy Franchises. Corporate loans are placed on a cash (non-accrual) basis when it is determined, based on actual experience and a forward-looking assessment of the collectibility of the loan in full, that the payment of interest or principal is doubtful or when interest or principal is 90 days past due, except when the loan is well collateralized and in the process of collection. When a corporate loan is placed on non-accrual, any interest accrued is reversed and charged against current earnings, and interest is thereafter included in earnings only to the extent actually received in cash. When there is doubt regarding the ultimate collectibility of principal, all cash receipts are thereafter applied to reduce the recorded investment in the loan. Cash-basis loans are returned to accrual status when all contractual principal and interest amounts are reasonably assured of repayment and there is a sustained period of repayment performance in accordance with the contractual terms. Corporate loans are written down to the extent that principal is deemed to be uncollectible. A financial asset is considered collateral-dependent when the debtor is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral. For corporate loans that are collateral dependent, the fair value of collateral (less costs to sell, as applicable) is used to estimate expected credit losses. Loans Held-for-Sale Loans that have been identified for sale are classified as loans HFS and included in Other assets. With the exception of those loans for which the fair value option has been elected, HFS loans are accounted for at the lower of cost or market value, with any write-downs or subsequent recoveries charged to Other revenue. The related cash flows are classified in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows in the cash flows from operating activities category on the line Change in loans HFS. Gains and losses on loans HFS are generally presented in Other revenue. Gains on sales of fully or partially charged-off loans are presented as gross credit recoveries in the Provision for credit losses up to the amount of prior charge-offs. Loans at Fair Value As described in Note 27, Citi has elected fair value accounting for certain loans. Such loans are not subject to an allowance for credit losses. Instead, they are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reported in earnings. Interest income on such loans is recorded in Interest revenue at the contractually specified rate. The practice of Citi’s U.S. prime mortgage business has been to sell substantially all of its conforming loans. As such, U.S. prime mortgage conforming loans are classified as HFS and the fair value option is elected at origination, with changes in fair value recorded in Other revenue. Changes in Loan Classification Changes to the initial classification of a loan should be made only when there is a demonstrated change in management’s intent and ability (i.e., management now has the intent and ability to sell the loan when it had previously intended to hold the loan for the foreseeable future or vice versa). If a loan changes its classification from HFI to HFS, the related allowance for credit losses is reversed in earnings through the Provision for credit losses. Also, if the loan’s fair value is lower than the loan’s amortized cost basis due to credit deterioration, the initial downward difference is recorded as a direct write-off of the loan’s amortized cost basis through gross credit losses, which establishes the new cost basis of the loan immediately prior to transfer to HFS for purposes of applying the lower of cost or market value. Otherwise, any write down is recorded as an HFS valuation allowance (contra-Other assets) and charged to Other revenue. On the other hand, if a loan changes its classification from HFS to HFI, any HFS valuation allowance is reversed through Other revenue. The loan is transferred to HFI at its amortized cost basis and assessed for an allowance for credit losses. Allowance for Credit Losses (ACL) The current expected credit losses (CECL) methodology is based on relevant information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable (R&S) forecasts that affect the collectibility of the reported financial asset balances. If the asset’s life extends beyond the R&S forecast period, then historical experience is considered over the remaining life of the assets in the ACL. The resulting ACL is adjusted in each subsequent reporting period through Provision for credit losses in the Consolidated Statement of Income to reflect changes in history, current conditions and forecasts as well as changes in asset positions and portfolios. ASC 326 defines the ACL as a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost of a financial asset to present the net amount that management expects to collect on the financial asset over its expected life. All financial assets carried at amortized cost are in the scope of ASC 326, while assets measured at fair value are excluded. See “Debt Securities” above for a discussion of impairment on available-for-sale (AFS) securities. Increases and decreases to the allowances are recorded in Provision for credit losses. The CECL methodology utilizes a lifetime expected credit loss (ECL) measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for held-for-investment (HFI) loans, held-to-maturity (HTM) debt securities, receivables and other financial assets measured at amortized cost at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. Within the life of a loan or other financial asset, the methodology generally results in earlier recognition of the provision for credit losses and the related ACL. Estimation of ECLs requires Citi to make assumptions regarding the likelihood and severity of credit loss events and their impact on expected cash flows, which drive the probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD) and exposure at default (EAD) models and, where Citi discounts the ECL, using discounting techniques for certain products. Citi considers a multitude of global macroeconomic variables for the base, upside and downside probability-weighted macroeconomic scenario forecasts it uses to estimate the ACL. Citi’s forecasts of the U.S. unemployment rate and U.S. real GDP growth rate represent the key macroeconomic variables that most significantly affect its estimate of the ACL. Under the base macroeconomic forecast as of 4Q25, U.S. real GDP growth is expected to slow during 2026 and 2027, while the unemployment rate is expected to increase in 2026 and 2027, compared to the forecast as of 4Q24. The macroeconomic scenario weights are estimated using a statistical model, which, among other factors, takes into consideration key macroeconomic drivers of the ACL, severity of the scenario and other macroeconomic uncertainties and risks. Citi evaluates scenario weights on a quarterly basis. Citi’s downside scenario incorporates more adverse macroeconomic assumptions than the base scenario. For example, compared to the base scenario, Citi’s downside scenario reflects a recession, including an elevated average U.S. unemployment rate of 6.9% over the eight-quarter R&S period, with a peak difference of 3.5% in the second quarter of 2027. The weighted-average U.S. unemployment rate that considers all three probability-weighted scenarios is 5.2%. The downside scenario also reflects a year-over-year U.S. real GDP contraction in 2026 of 1.8%, with a peak quarter-over-quarter difference to the base scenario of 1.2%. The following are the main factors and interpretations that Citi considers when estimating the ACL under the CECL methodology: •CECL reserves are estimated over the contractual term of the financial asset, which is adjusted for expected prepayments. Expected extensions are generally not considered unless the option to extend the loan cannot be canceled unilaterally by Citi. •Credit enhancements that are not freestanding (such as those that are included in the original terms of the contract or those executed in conjunction with the lending transaction) are considered loss mitigants for purposes of CECL reserve estimation. •For unconditionally cancelable accounts (generally credit cards), reserves are based on the expected life of the balance as of the evaluation date (assuming no further charges) and do not include any undrawn commitments that are unconditionally cancelable. Reserves are included for undrawn commitments for accounts that are not unconditionally cancelable (such as letters of credit and corporate loan commitments, home equity lines of credit (HELOCs), undrawn mortgage loan commitments and financial guarantees). •CECL models are designed to be economically sensitive. They utilize the macroeconomic forecasts provided by Citi’s enterprise scenario group that are approved by senior management. Analysis is performed and documented to determine the necessary qualitative management adjustment (QMA) to capture idiosyncratic events and model uncertainty. •The portion of the forecast that reflects the enterprise scenario group’s R&S period indicates the maximum length of time its models can produce a R&S macroeconomic forecast, after which mean reversion reflecting historical loss experience is used for the remaining life of the loan to estimate expected credit losses. For the loss forecast, businesses consume the macroeconomic forecast as determined to be appropriate and justifiable. Citi’s ability to forecast credit losses over the R&S period is based on the ability to forecast economic activity over a reasonable and supportable time window. The R&S period reflects the overall ability to have a reasonable and supportable forecast of credit loss based on economic forecasts. The R&S forecast period for consumer and corporate loans is eight quarters. •The loss models consume all or a portion of the R&S economic forecast and then revert to historical loss experience. •The ACL incorporates provisions for accrued interest on products that are not subject to a non-accrual and timely write-off policy (e.g., credit cards). •Citi uses the most recent available information to inform its macroeconomic forecasts, allowing sufficient time for analysis of the results and corresponding approvals. Key variables are reviewed for significant changes through year end and changes to portfolio positions are reflected in the ACL. •Reserves are calculated at an appropriately granular level and on a pooled basis where financial assets share risk characteristics. At a minimum, reserves are calculated at a portfolio level (product and country). Where a financial asset does not share risk characteristics with any of the pools, it is evaluated for credit losses individually. Quantitative and Qualitative Components of the ACL The loss likelihood and severity models use both internal and external information and are sensitive to forecasts of different macroeconomic conditions. For the quantitative component, Citi uses multiple macroeconomic scenarios and associated probabilities to estimate the ECL. Estimates of these ECLs are based on the following: •Citigroup’s internal system of credit risk ratings •historical default and loss data, including comprehensive internal history and rating agency information regarding default rates and internal data on the severity of losses in the event of default •a R&S forecast of future macroeconomic conditions ECL is determined primarily by utilizing models for the borrowers’ PD, LGD and EAD. Adjustments may be made to this data, including (i) statistically calculated estimates to cover the historical fluctuation of the default rates over the credit cycle, the historical variability of loss severity among defaulted loans and the degree to which there are large obligor concentrations in the global portfolio, and (ii) adjustments made for specifically known items, such as current environmental factors and credit trends. Any adjustments needed to the modeled expected losses in the quantitative calculations are addressed through a qualitative adjustment. The qualitative management adjustment component includes risks that are not fully captured in the quantitative component. These may include but are not limited to portfolio characteristics, idiosyncratic events, factors not within historical loss data or the economic forecast, uncertainty in the credit environment and other factors as required by banking supervisory guidance for the ACL. The primary examples of risks that are not fully captured in the quantitative component are (i) potential impacts on vulnerable industries and regions due to emerging macroeconomic risks and uncertainties, including those related to a potential global recession, inflation, interest rates and commodity prices and (ii) transfer risk associated with exposures outside the U.S. Citi’s qualitative component declined year-over-year, largely driven by the reclassification of AO Citibank to held-for-sale, including the related ACL, resulting from Citi’s planned sale of AO Citibank (which was sold on February 18, 2026). See “Accounting Changes” below for information about how the calculation of the quantitative component of the ACL changed in 2025. Consumer Loans For consumer loans, most portfolios including North America cards, mortgages and personal installment loans (PILs) are covered by the PD, LGD and EAD loss forecasting models. Some smaller international portfolios are covered by econometric models where the gross credit loss (GCL) rate is forecast. The modeling of all retail products is performed by examining risk drivers for a given portfolio; these drivers relate to exposures with similar credit risk characteristics and consider past events, current conditions and R&S forecasts. Under the PD x LGD x EAD approach, GCLs and recoveries are captured on an undiscounted basis. Citi incorporates expected recoveries on loans into its reserve estimate, including expected recoveries on assets previously written off. CECL defines the exposure’s expected life as the remaining contractual maturity including any expected prepayments. Subsequent changes to the contractual terms that are the result of a re-underwriting are not included in the loan’s expected CECL life. Citi does not establish reserves for the uncollectible accrued interest on non-revolving consumer products, such as mortgages and installment loans, which are subject to a non-accrual and timely write-off policy at 90 days past due. As such, only the principal balance is subject to the CECL reserve methodology and interest does not attract a further reserve. For credit cards, Citi uses the payment rate approach, which leverages payment rate curves, to determine the payments that should be applied to liquidate the end-of-period balance (CECL balance) in the estimation of EAD. The payment rate approach uses customer payment behavior (payment rate) to establish the portion of the CECL balance that will be paid each month. These payment rates are defined as the percentage of principal payments received in the respective month divided by the prior month’s billed principal balance. The liquidation (CECL payment) amount for each forecast period is determined by multiplying the CECL balance by that period’s forecasted payment rate. The cumulative sum of these payments less the CECL balance produces the balance liquidation curve. Citi does not apply a non-accrual policy to credit card receivables; rather, they are subject to full charge-off at 180 days past due or bankruptcy if earlier. As such, the entire customer balance up until write-off, including accrued interest and fees, is subject to the CECL reserve methodology. Corporate Loans, HTM Securities and Other Assets Citi records allowances for credit losses on all financial assets carried at amortized cost that are in the scope of CECL, including corporate loans classified as HFI, HTM debt securities and Other assets. Discounting techniques are applied for corporate loans classified as HFI and HTM securities. All cash flows are fully discounted to the reporting date. The ACL includes Citi’s estimate of all credit losses expected to be incurred over the estimated full contractual life of the financial asset. The contractual life of the financial asset generally does not include expected extensions, renewals or modifications. Where Citi has an unconditional option to extend the contractual term, Citi does not consider the potential extension in determining the contractual term; however, where the borrower has the sole right to exercise the extension option without Citi’s approval, Citi does consider the potential extension in determining the contractual term. Citi primarily bases its ACL on models that assess the likelihood and severity of credit events and their impact on cash flows under R&S forecasted economic scenarios. Allowances consider the probability of the borrower’s default, the loss Citi would incur upon default and the borrower’s exposure at default. Such models discount the present value of all future cash flows, using the asset’s effective interest rate (EIR). Citi applies a more simplified approach based on historical loss rates to certain exposures recorded in Other assets and certain loan exposures in the Private Bank within Consumer loans. Citi considers the risk of nonpayment to be zero for U.S. Treasuries and U.S. government-sponsored agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and, as such, Citi does not have an ACL for these securities. For all other HTM debt securities, ECLs are estimated using PD models and discounting techniques, which incorporate assumptions regarding the likelihood and severity of credit losses. For structured securities, specific models use relevant assumptions for the underlying collateral type. A discounting approach is applied to HTM direct obligations of a single issuer, similar to that used for corporate HFI loans. Other Financial Assets with Zero Expected Credit Losses For certain financial assets, zero expected credit losses will be recognized where the expectation of nonpayment of the amortized cost basis is zero, based on there being no history of loss and the nature of the receivables. Secured Financing Transactions Most of Citi’s reverse repurchase agreements, securities borrowing arrangements and margin loans require that the borrower continually adjust the amount of the collateral securing Citi’s interest, primarily resulting from changes in the fair value of such collateral. In such arrangements, ACLs are recorded based only on the amount by which the asset’s amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value of the collateral. No ACLs are recorded where the fair value of the collateral is equal to or exceeds the asset’s amortized cost basis, as Citi does not expect to incur credit losses on such well-collateralized exposures. For certain margin loans presented in Loans on the Consolidated Balance Sheet, ACLL is estimated using the same approach as corporate loans. Accrued Interest CECL permits entities to make an accounting policy election not to reserve for interest, if the entity has a policy in place that will result in timely reversal or write-off of interest. However, when a non-accrual or timely charge-off policy is not applied, an ACL is recognized on accrued interest at 90 days past due. For HTM debt securities, Citi established a non-accrual policy that results in timely write-off of accrued interest. For corporate loans, where a timely charge-off policy is used, Citi has elected to recognize an ACL on accrued interest receivable. The LGD models for corporate loans include an adjustment for estimated accrued interest. Purchased Credit-Deteriorated (PCD) Assets ASC 326 requires entities that have acquired financial assets (such as loans and HTM securities) with an intent to hold, to evaluate whether those assets have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination. These assets are subject to specialized accounting at initial recognition under CECL. Subsequent measurement of PCD assets will remain consistent with other purchased or originated assets, i.e., non-PCD assets. CECL introduced the notion of PCD assets, which replaced purchased credit impaired (PCI) accounting under prior U.S. GAAP. CECL requires the estimation of credit losses to be performed on a pool basis unless a PCD asset does not share characteristics with any pool. If certain PCD assets do not meet the conditions for aggregation, those PCD assets should be accounted for separately. This determination must be made at the date the PCD asset is purchased. In estimating ECLs from day 2 onward, pools can potentially be reassembled based upon similar risk characteristics. When PCD assets are pooled, Citi determines the amount of the initial ACL at the pool level. The amount of the initial ACL for a PCD asset represents the portion of the total discount at acquisition that relates to credit and is recognized as a “gross-up” of the purchase price to arrive at the PCD asset’s (or pool’s) amortized cost. Any difference between the unpaid principal balance and the amortized cost is considered to be related to non-credit factors and results in a discount or premium, which is amortized to interest income over the life of the individual asset (or pool). Direct expenses incurred related to the acquisition of PCD assets and other assets and liabilities in a business combination are expensed as incurred. Subsequent accounting for acquired PCD assets is the same as the accounting for originated assets; changes in the allowance are recorded in Provisions for credit losses. Consumer Citi does not purchase whole portfolios of PCD assets in its retail businesses. However, there may be a small portion of a purchased portfolio that is identified as PCD at the purchase date. Interest income recognition does not vary between PCD and non-PCD assets. A consumer financial asset is considered to be more-than-insignificantly credit deteriorated if it is more than 30 days past due at the purchase date. Corporate Citi generally classifies wholesale loans and debt securities classified as HTM or AFS as PCD when both of the following criteria are met: (i) the purchase price discount is at least 10% of par and (ii) the purchase date is more than 90 days after the origination or issuance date. Citi classifies HTM beneficial interests rated AA- and lower obtained at origination from certain securitization transactions as PCD when there is a significant difference (i.e., 10% or greater) between contractual cash flows, adjusted for prepayments, and expected cash flows at the date of recognition. Reserve Estimates and Policies Management provides reserves for an estimate of lifetime ECLs in the funded loan portfolio on the Consolidated Balance Sheet in the form of an ACL. These reserves are established in accordance with Citigroup’s credit reserve policies, as approved by the Audit Committee of the Citigroup Board of Directors. Citi’s Chief Risk Officer and Chief Financial Officer review the adequacy of the credit loss reserves each quarter with risk management and finance representatives for each applicable business area. Applicable business areas include those having classifiably managed portfolios, where internal credit risk ratings are assigned (primarily Services, Markets, Banking and Wealth) and delinquency-managed portfolios (primarily USPB) or modified consumer loans, where concessions were granted due to the borrowers’ financial difficulties. The aforementioned representatives for these business areas present recommended reserve balances for their funded and unfunded lending portfolios along with supporting quantitative and qualitative data discussed below. Estimated Credit Losses for Portfolios of Performing Exposures Risk management and finance representatives who cover business areas with delinquency-managed portfolios containing smaller-balance homogeneous loans present their recommended reserve balances based on leading credit indicators, including loan delinquencies and changes in portfolio size as well as economic trends, including current and future housing prices, unemployment, length of time in foreclosure, costs to sell and GDP. This methodology is applied separately for each product within each geographic region in which these portfolios exist. This evaluation process is subject to numerous estimates and judgments. Risk management and finance representatives who cover business areas with classifiably managed portfolios present their recommended reserve balances based on the frequency of default, risk ratings, loss recovery rates, size and diversity of individual large credits, and ability of borrowers with foreign currency obligations to obtain the foreign currency necessary for orderly debt servicing for countries with currency restrictions. Changes in these estimates could have a direct impact on the credit costs in any period and could result in a change in the allowance. Allowance for Unfunded Lending Commitments Credit loss reserves are recognized on all off-balance sheet commitments that are not unconditionally cancelable. Corporate loan EAD models include an incremental usage factor (or credit conversion factor) to estimate ECLs on amounts undrawn at the reporting date. Off-balance sheet commitments include unfunded exposures, revolving facilities, securities underwriting commitments, letters of credit, HELOCs and financial guarantees (excluding performance guarantees). This reserve is classified on the Consolidated Balance Sheet in Other liabilities. Changes to the allowance for unfunded lending commitments are recorded in Provision for credit losses on unfunded lending commitments. Mortgage Servicing Rights Mortgage servicing rights (MSRs) are recognized as intangible assets when the Company sells or securitizes loans acquired through purchase or origination and retains the right to service the loans. Mortgage servicing rights are accounted for at fair value, with changes in value recorded in Other revenue in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income. For additional information on the Company’s MSRs, see Notes 17, 23 and 26. Goodwill Goodwill represents the excess of acquisition cost over the fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired in a business combination. Goodwill is subject to annual impairment testing and interim assessments between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. The Company has determined that its reporting units are at the reportable operating segment level or one level below an operating segment. The Company has an option to assess qualitative factors to determine if it is necessary to perform the goodwill impairment test. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, the Company determines that it is not more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, no further testing is necessary. If, however, the Company determines that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the Company must perform the quantitative test. The Company has an unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any reporting period and proceed directly to the quantitative test. The quantitative test requires a comparison of the fair value of an individual reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit is in excess of the carrying value, the related goodwill is considered not impaired and no further analysis is necessary. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additional information on Citi’s goodwill impairment testing can be found in Note 17. Intangible Assets Intangible assets—including core deposit intangibles, present value of future profits, purchased credit card relationships, credit card contract-related intangibles, other customer relationships and other intangible assets, but excluding MSRs—are amortized over their estimated useful lives. Credit card contract-related intangibles include fixed and unconditional costs incurred to renew or extend the contract with a card partner. In estimating the useful life of a credit card contract-related intangible, the Company considers the probability of contract renewal or extension to determine the period that the asset is expected to contribute future cash flows. Intangible assets that are deemed to have indefinite useful lives, primarily trade names, are not amortized and are subject to annual impairment tests. An impairment exists if the carrying value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its fair value. For other intangible assets subject to amortization, an impairment is recognized if the carrying amount is not recoverable and exceeds the fair value of the intangible asset. Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment includes lease right-of-use assets, property and equipment (including purchased and developed software), net of depreciation and amortization. Substantially all lease right-of-use assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lease term, and substantially all property and equipment are depreciated or amortized on a straight-line basis over the useful life of the asset. The estimated useful lives range up to 50 years for buildings and improvements, up to 15 years for furniture and equipment, up to 10 years for internal-use software and the shorter of the estimated useful life or the lease term for leasehold improvements. Leases As a Lessee Citi enters into lease agreements to obtain rights to use assets for its business operations. Substantially all of the Company’s lessee arrangements are operating leases for premises and equipment, including real estate and various types of equipment. Lease liabilities and right-of-use (ROU) assets are recognized when Citi enters into these leases and represent Citi’s obligations and rights to use these assets over the period of the leases, and may be remeasured for certain modifications. These leases may contain renewal and extension options and early termination features; however, these options do not impact the lease term unless the Company is reasonably certain that it will exercise the options. In certain instances, the Company may have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components. In these instances, the Company has elected to apply the practical expedient and account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component for all leases. At lease commencement, lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the remaining lease payments and discounted using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. ROU assets initially equal the lease liability, adjusted for any lease payments made prior to lease commencement and for any lease incentives. ROU assets and lease liabilities are included in Premises and equipment and Other liabilities, respectively. All leases are recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheet except those with an initial term of less than 12 months, for which the Company has made the short-term lease election. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and is recorded in Premises and equipment expense in the Consolidated Statement of Income. Variable lease costs are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. As a Lessor The Company’s operating leases and financing leases, which include both direct financing and sales-type leases, where Citi is a lessor, are not significant to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Other Assets and Other Liabilities Other assets include, among other items, loans HFS, deferred tax assets, equity method investments, interest and fees receivable, repossessed assets, other receivables and assets from businesses classified as HFS that are reclassified from other balance sheet line items. Other liabilities include, among other items, accrued expenses, lease liabilities, deferred tax liabilities, reserves for legal claims and legal fee accruals, taxes, unfunded lending commitments, repositioning reserves, other payables and liabilities from businesses classified as HFS that are reclassified from other balance sheet line items. Legal fee accruals are recognized as incurred. Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets Real estate or other assets received through foreclosure or repossession are generally reported in Other assets, net of a valuation allowance for selling costs and subsequent declines in fair value. Debt Short-term borrowings and Long-term debt are accounted for at amortized cost, except where the Company has elected to report the debt (including certain structured notes) at fair value, or debt that is in a fair value hedging relationship. Changes in the fair value of debt carried at fair value under a fair value election are recorded in Principal transactions, other than adjustments related to changes in instrument-specific credit risk, which are recorded in Other comprehensive income. Premiums, discounts and issuance costs on long-term debt accounted for at amortized cost are amortized over the contractual term using the effective interest method. Employee Benefits Expense Employee benefits expense includes current service costs of pension and other postretirement benefit plans (which are accrued on a current basis), contributions and unrestricted awards under other employee plans, the amortization of restricted stock awards and costs of other employee benefits. For its most significant pension and postretirement benefit plans (Significant Plans), Citigroup measures and discloses plan obligations, plan assets and periodic plan expense quarterly, when certain conditions are met to trigger interim remeasurement. The effect of remeasuring the plan obligations and assets by updating plan actuarial assumptions is reflected in AOCI and periodic plan expense. All other plans (All Other Plans) are remeasured annually. Benefits earned during the year are reported in Compensation and benefits expenses and all other components of the net annual benefit cost are reported in Other operating expenses in the Consolidated Statement of Income. See Note 8. Stock-Based Compensation The Company recognizes compensation expense related to stock awards over the requisite service period, generally based on the instruments’ grant-date fair value, reduced by actual forfeitures as they occur. Compensation cost related to awards granted to employees who meet certain age plus years-of-service requirements (retirement-eligible employees) is accrued in the year prior to the grant date in the same manner as the accrual for cash incentive compensation. Certain stock awards with performance conditions or certain clawback provisions are subject to variable accounting, pursuant to which the associated compensation expense fluctuates with changes in Citigroup’s common stock price. See Note 7. Income Taxes The Company is subject to the income tax laws of the U.S. and its states and municipalities, as well as the non-U.S. jurisdictions in which it operates. These tax laws are complex and may be subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and the relevant governmental taxing authorities. In establishing a provision for income tax expense, the Company must make judgments and interpretations about these tax laws. The Company must also make estimates about when in the future certain items will affect taxable income in the various tax jurisdictions, both domestic and foreign. Disputes over interpretations of the tax laws may be subject to review and adjudication by the court systems of the various tax jurisdictions or may be settled with the taxing authority upon examination or audit. The Company treats interest and penalties on income taxes as a component of Income tax expense. Deferred taxes are recorded for the future consequences of events that have been, or will be, recognized in financial statements or tax returns in different periods, based upon enacted tax laws and rates. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment about whether realization is more-likely-than-not. ASC 740, Income Taxes, sets out a consistent framework to determine the appropriate level of tax reserves to maintain for uncertain tax positions. This interpretation uses a two-step approach wherein a tax benefit is recognized if a position is more-likely-than-not to be sustained. The amount of the benefit is then measured to be the highest tax benefit that is more than 50% likely to be realized. ASC 740 also sets out disclosure requirements to enhance transparency of an entity’s tax reserves. See Note 10 for a further description of the Company’s tax provision and related income tax assets and liabilities. Commissions, Underwriting and Principal Transactions Commissions and fees revenues are recognized in income when earned. Underwriting revenues are recognized in income typically at the closing of the transaction. Principal transactions revenues are recognized in income on a trade-date basis. See Note 5 for a description of the Company’s revenue recognition policies for Commissions and fees, and Note 6 for details of Principal transactions revenue. Earnings per Share Earnings per share (EPS) is calculated using the two-class method. Under the two-class method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to common stock and participating securities. Undistributed earnings are calculated after deducting preferred stock dividends, any issuance cost incurred at the time of issuance of redeemed preferred stock and dividends paid and accrued to common stocks and RSU/DSA share awards. Citi grants restricted and deferred share awards under its shares-based compensation programs, which entitle recipients to receive nonforfeitable dividends during the vesting period on a basis equivalent to dividends paid to holders of the Company’s common stock. These unvested awards meet the definition of participating securities based on their respective rights to receive nonforfeitable dividends, and they are treated as a separate class of securities and are not included in computing basic EPS. Diluted EPS incorporates the potential impact of contingently issuable shares, stock options and awards, which require future service as a condition of delivery of the underlying common stock. Anti-dilutive options and warrants are disregarded in the EPS calculations. Diluted EPS is calculated under both the two-class and treasury stock methods, and the more dilutive amount is reported. Participating securities are not included as incremental shares in computing diluted EPS. Use of Estimates Management must make estimates and assumptions that affect the Consolidated Financial Statements and the related Notes. Such estimates are used in connection with certain fair value measurements. See Note 26 for further discussions on estimates used in the determination of fair value. Moreover, estimates are significant in determining the amounts of other-than-temporary impairments, impairments of goodwill and other intangible assets, provisions for probable losses that may arise from credit-related exposures, probable and estimable losses related to litigation and regulatory proceedings, and income taxes. While management makes its best judgment, actual amounts or results could differ from those estimates. Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash Flows Cash equivalents are composed of those amounts included in Cash and due from banks and Deposits with banks. Certain cash balances are restricted by regulatory or contractual requirements. See Note 28 for additional information on restricted cash. Related Party Transactions The Company has related party transactions with certain of its subsidiaries and affiliates. These transactions, which are primarily short-term in nature, include cash accounts, collateralized financing transactions, margin accounts, derivative transactions, charges for operational support and the borrowing and lending of funds, and are entered into in the ordinary course of business. ACCOUNTING CHANGES Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of income tax disclosures. This guidance requires that public business entities disclose on an annual basis a tabular rate reconciliation in eight specific categories disaggregated by nature and for foreign tax effects by each jurisdiction that meets a 5% of pretax income multiplied by the applicable statutory tax rate or greater threshold annually. The eight categories include state and local income taxes, net of federal income tax effect; foreign tax effects; enactment of new tax laws; enactment of new tax credits; effect of cross-border tax laws; valuation allowances; nontaxable items and nondeductible items; and changes in unrecognized tax benefits. Additional disclosures include qualitative description of the state and local jurisdictions that contribute to the majority (greater than 50%) of the effect of the state and local income tax category and explanation of the nature and effect of changes in individual reconciling items. The guidance also requires entities annually to disclose income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes and by jurisdiction identified based on the same 5% quantitative threshold. Citi adopted the ASU on a retrospective basis for its annual period ending December 31, 2025. TDRs and Vintage Disclosures In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. Citi adopted the ASU on January 1, 2023, including the guidance on the recognition and measurement of TDRs under the modified retrospective approach. Adopting these amendments resulted in a decrease to the ACLL of $352 million and an increase in other assets related to held-for-sale businesses of $40 million, with a corresponding increase to retained earnings of $290 million and a decrease in deferred tax assets of $102 million on January 1, 2023. The ACL for corporate loans was unaffected because the measurement approach used for corporate loans is not in the scope of this ASU. ASU 2022-02 eliminates the accounting and disclosure requirements for TDRs, including the requirement to measure the ACLL for TDRs using a discounted cash flow (DCF) approach. With the elimination of TDR accounting requirements, reasonably expected TDRs are no longer considered when determining the term over which to estimate expected credit losses. The ACLL for modified loans that are collateral dependent continues to be based on the fair value of the collateral. Long-Duration Insurance Contracts In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-12, Financial Services—Insurance: Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts, which changes the existing recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosures for long-duration contracts issued by an insurance entity. Specifically, the guidance: •improves the timeliness of recognizing changes in the liability for future policy benefits and prescribes the rate used to discount future cash flows for long-duration insurance contracts; •simplifies and improves the accounting for certain market-based options or guarantees associated with deposit (or account balance) contracts; •simplifies the amortization of deferred acquisition costs; and •introduces additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures. Citi has certain insurance subsidiaries, primarily in Mexico, that issue long-duration insurance contracts such as traditional life insurance policies and life-contingent annuity contracts that are impacted by the requirements of ASU 2018-12. Citi adopted the targeted improvements in ASU 2018-12 on January 1, 2023, resulting in a $39 million decrease in Other liabilities and a $27 million increase in AOCI, after-tax. FUTURE ACCOUNTING CHANGES Hedge Accounting Improvements In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-09, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Hedge Accounting Improvements, to clarify certain aspects of the guidance on hedge accounting and to address several incremental hedge accounting issues arising from the global reference rate reform initiative. The objective of the ASU is to more closely align hedge accounting with the economics of an entity’s risk management activities. The amendments, which are adopted prospectively, are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. Adoption of the ASU is not expected to have a material impact on Citi’s operating results or financial position. Purchased Loans In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-08, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Purchased Loans, which amends Topic 326 to expand the application of the gross-up method of recording the expected credit losses at the purchase date to “purchased seasoned loans” that do not have more-than-insignificant credit losses at acquisition. All non-purchased credit deteriorated (PCD) loans (excluding credit cards) that are acquired in a business combination are deemed seasoned while other non-PCD loans (excluding credit cards) are seasoned if they were purchased at least 90 days after origination and the acquirer was not involved in the origination of the loans. As a result of this ASU, originated loans and purchased non-seasoned loans without credit deterioration will recognize expected credit losses at origination or when purchased, while purchased loans with credit deterioration will reflect a gross-up associated with credit at acquisition. The amendments in this ASU are effective for all entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this ASU should be applied prospectively to loans that are acquired on or after the initial application date. Citi is currently evaluating the impact of this ASU on its financial statements. Derivatives Scope Refinements and Scope Clarification for Share-Based Non-Cash Consideration from a Customer in a Revenue Contract In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-07, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). The amendments in the ASU exclude from derivative accounting certain non-exchange-traded contracts with underlyings that are based on operations or activities specific to one of the parties to the contract. The amendments also clarify that an entity should apply the guidance in Topic 606, including the guidance on non-cash consideration, to a contract with share-based non-cash consideration from a customer for the transfer of goods or services. The transition method is prospective with the modified retrospective method permitted. The amendments will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted. Citi is currently evaluating the impact of the amendments. Accounting for Internal-Use Software Costs In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-06, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software, intended to modernize the internal-use software guidance, primarily by eliminating accounting consideration of software project development stages and enhancing the guidance around the “probable-to-complete” threshold in determining when capitalization of internal-use software costs begins. The ASU will be effective for all entities for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. Citi is currently assessing the impact and approach toward adopting this ASU. Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), to improve the disclosures of expenses by requiring public business entities to provide further disaggregation of relevant expense captions (i.e., employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization) in a separate note to the financial statements, a qualitative description of the amounts remaining in relevant expense captions that are not separately disaggregated quantitatively, and the total amount of selling expenses and, in an annual reporting period, an entity’s definition of selling expenses. The transition method is prospective with the retrospective method permitted, and the ASU will be effective for Citi for its annual period ending December 31, 2027 and interim periods for the interim period beginning January 1, 2028. Citi is currently evaluating the impact on its disclosures.
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