v3.21.2
Goodwill and other intangible assets
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2020
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Goodwill and other intangible assets Goodwill and other intangible assets
Goodwill
The change in the carrying amount of goodwill was as follows (in millions):
Nine months ended
September 30, 2021
Beginning balance$14,689 
Currency translation adjustment(24)
Ending balance$14,665 

Other intangible assets
Other intangible assets consisted of the following (in millions):
 September 30, 2021December 31, 2020
 Gross
carrying
amounts		Accumulated
amortization		Other intangible
assets, net		Gross
carrying
amounts		Accumulated
amortization		Other intangible
assets, net
Finite-lived intangible assets:
Developed-product-technology rights$25,575 $(12,222)$13,353 $25,591 $(10,564)$15,027 
Licensing rights3,766 (2,931)835 3,743 (2,791)952 
Marketing-related rights1,362 (1,099)263 1,367 (1,041)326 
Research and development technology rights1,298 (1,120)178 1,317 (1,065)252 
Total finite-lived intangible assets32,001 (17,372)14,629 32,018 (15,461)16,557 
Indefinite-lived intangible assets:
In-process research and development30 — 30 30 — 30 
Total other intangible assets$32,031 $(17,372)$14,659 $32,048 $(15,461)$16,587 

Developed-product-technology rights consists of rights related to marketed products. Licensing rights primarily consists of contractual rights to receive future milestone, royalty and profit-sharing payments; capitalized payments to third parties for milestones related to regulatory approvals to commercialize products; and upfront payments associated with royalty obligations for marketed products. Marketing-related rights primarily consists of rights related to the sale and distribution of marketed products. R&D technology rights pertains to technologies used in R&D that have alternative future uses.
IPR&D consists of R&D projects acquired in a business combination that are not complete at the time of acquisition due to remaining technological risks and/or lack of receipt of required regulatory approvals. We review IPR&D projects for impairment annually, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable and upon the establishment of technological feasibility or regulatory approval.
During the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, we recognized amortization associated with our finite-lived intangible assets of $642 million and $708 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, we recognized amortization associated with our finite-lived intangible assets of $1.9 billion and $2.1 billion, respectively. Amortization of intangible assets is primarily included in Cost of sales in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income. The total estimated amortization for our finite-lived intangible assets for the remaining three months ending December 31, 2021, and the years ending December 31, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 and 2026, are $0.6 billion, $2.5 billion, $2.4 billion, $2.4 billion, $2.2 billion and $1.8 billion, respectively.