| Schedule of goodwill |
The changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill were as follows (in millions): | | | | | | | | | | Years ended December 31, | | 2019 | | 2018 | Beginning balance | $ | 14,699 |
| | $ | 14,761 |
| Addition from acquisitions | 26 |
| | 6 |
| Currency translation adjustments | (22 | ) | | (68 | ) | Ending balance | $ | 14,703 |
| | $ | 14,699 |
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| Schedule of identifiable intangible assets |
Other intangible assets consisted of the following (in millions): | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | December 31, | | 2019 | | 2018 | | Gross carrying amounts | | Accumulated amortization | | Other intangible assets, net | | Gross carrying amounts | | Accumulated amortization | | Other intangible assets, net | Finite-lived intangible assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | Developed-product-technology rights | $ | 25,575 |
| | $ | (8,322 | ) | | $ | 17,253 |
| | $ | 12,573 |
| | $ | (7,479 | ) | | $ | 5,094 |
| Licensing rights | 3,761 |
| | (2,398 | ) | | 1,363 |
| | 3,772 |
| | (2,032 | ) | | 1,740 |
| Marketing-related rights | 1,382 |
| | (965 | ) | | 417 |
| | 1,297 |
| | (1,019 | ) | | 278 |
| R&D technology rights | 1,273 |
| | (947 | ) | | 326 |
| | 1,148 |
| | (872 | ) | | 276 |
| Total finite-lived intangible assets | 31,991 |
| | (12,632 | ) | | 19,359 |
| | 18,790 |
| | (11,402 | ) | | 7,388 |
| Indefinite-lived intangible assets: | | | | | | | | | | | | IPR&D | 54 |
| | — |
| | 54 |
| | 55 |
| | — |
| | 55 |
| Total other intangible assets | $ | 32,045 |
| | $ | (12,632 | ) | | $ | 19,413 |
| | $ | 18,845 |
| | $ | (11,402 | ) | | $ | 7,443 |
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