v3.19.3.a.u2
Property, plant and equipment
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Property, Plant and Equipment [Abstract]  
Property, plant and equipment Property, plant and equipment
Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following (dollar amounts in millions):
 
 
 
December 31,
 
Useful life (in years)
 
2019
 
2018
Land
—
 
$
263

 
$
265

Buildings and improvements
10-40
 
3,757

 
3,616

Manufacturing equipment
8-12
 
2,655

 
2,418

Laboratory equipment
8-12
 
1,236

 
1,174

Capitalized software
3-5
 
1,154

 
1,124

Other
3-15
 
3,313

 
3,204

Construction in progress
—
 
907

 
953

Property, plant and equipment, gross
 
 
13,285

 
12,754

Less accumulated depreciation and amortization
 
 
(8,357
)
 
(7,796
)
Property, plant and equipment, net
 
 
$
4,928

 
$
4,958


During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized depreciation and amortization expense associated with our property, plant and equipment of $635 million, $630 million and $604 million, respectively.
Geographic information
Certain geographic information with respect to property, plant and equipment, net (long-lived assets), was as follows (in millions):
 
December 31,
 
2019
 
2018
United States
$
2,433

 
$
2,373

Puerto Rico
1,402

 
1,476

ROW
1,093

 
1,109

Total property, plant and equipment, net
$
4,928

 
$
4,958