v3.25.4
Investment Securities
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2025
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Investment Securities Investment Securities
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses, and fair value of the Company’s AFS and HTM investment securities are as follows:
December 31, 2025Amortized
Cost		Gross Unrealized
Gains		Gross Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value
Available for sale securities
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities$44,585 $— $3,151 $41,434 
U.S. Treasury securities11,543 3 182 11,364 
Corporate debt securities (1)
5,027 — 360 4,667 
Asset-backed securities (2)
4,332 — 133 4,199 
U.S. state and municipal securities595 — 34 561 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities120 — 7 113 
Other21 — 2 19 
Unallocated PLM fair value basis adjustments (3)
2 — 2 — 
Total available for sale securities (4)
$66,225 $3 $3,871 $62,357 
Held to maturity securities
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities$133,563 $1,732 $9,646 $125,649 
U.S. Treasury securities406 — — 406 
Total held to maturity securities$133,969 $1,732 $9,646 $126,055 
December 31, 2024
Available for sale securities
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities$57,262 $— $5,429 $51,833 
U.S. Treasury securities14,939 1 471 14,469 
Corporate debt securities (1)
10,166 — 587 9,579 
Asset-backed securities (2)
6,106 — 196 5,910 
U.S. state and municipal securities603 — 54 549 
Foreign government agency securities533 — 6 527 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities
121 — 12 109 
Other21 — 3 18 
Unallocated PLM fair value basis adjustments (3)
(47)— (47)— 
Total available for sale securities
$89,704 $1 $6,711 $82,994 
Held to maturity securities
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities$146,453 $146 $13,994 $132,605 
Total held to maturity securities$146,453 $146 $13,994 $132,605 
(1) As of December 31, 2025, approximately 28% and 27% of the total AFS corporate debt securities were issued by institutions in the information technology and consumer staples industries, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 35%, 18%, and 16% of the total AFS corporate debt securities were issued by institutions in the financial services, consumer staples, and information technology industries, respectively.
(2) As of December 31, 2025, approximately 70% and 21% of the total AFS asset-backed securities were collateralized by Federal Family Education Loan Program asset-backed securities and credit card receivables, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 62% and 25% of total AFS in asset-backed securities were collateralized by Federal Family Education Loan Program asset-backed securities and credit card receivables, respectively.
(3) This represents the amount of PLM fair value hedge basis adjustments related to AFS securities hedged in a closed portfolio. See Notes 2 and 16 for more information on PLM hedge accounting.
(4) Included in cash and cash equivalents on the consolidated balance sheets, but excluded from this table, is $2.0 billion of AFS U.S. Treasury securities as of December 31, 2025 (none as of December 31, 2024). These holdings have maturities of three months or less at the time of acquisition, and an aggregate market value equal to amortized cost. The weighted-average yield of these securities is 3.17% at December 31, 2025.

At December 31, 2025, our banking subsidiaries had pledged investment securities with a fair value of $59.7 billion (collateral value of $55.6 billion) as collateral to secure borrowing capacity on secured credit facilities with the FHLB (see Note 13). Our banking subsidiaries also pledge investment securities as collateral to secure borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve discount window, and had pledged securities with a fair value of $30.3 billion (collateral value of $29.3 billion) as collateral for this facility at December 31, 2025. The Company also pledges investment securities issued by federal agencies to secure certain trust deposits. The fair value and collateral value of these pledged securities was $1.6 billion at December 31, 2025.
At December 31, 2025, our banking subsidiaries had pledged HTM securities as collateral under repurchase agreements with external financial institutions. HTM securities pledged were U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities with an aggregate amortized cost of $1.3 billion, all of which may be sold, repledged, or otherwise used by the counterparties. See Notes 2, 13, and 17 for additional information on these repurchase agreements.

At December 31, 2025, the Company had pledged AFS securities consisting of U.S. Treasury securities with an aggregate fair value of $281 million as initial margin on interest rate swaps (see Notes 16 and 17). All of Schwab’s interest rate swaps are cleared through CCPs which require the Company to post initial margin as collateral against potential losses. Initial margin is posted through FCMs which serve as the intermediary between the CCPs and Schwab. The FCM agreements governing our swaps allow for securities pledged as initial margin to be sold, repledged, or otherwise used by the FCM.

AFS investment securities with unrealized losses, aggregated by category and period of continuous unrealized loss, are as follows:
Less than
12 months		12 months
or longer		Total
December 31, 2025Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses
Available for sale securities      
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities (1)
$4 $— $41,394 $3,151 $41,398 $3,151 
U.S. Treasury securities (1)
1,558 — 5,424 182 6,982 182 
Corporate debt securities— — 4,667 360 4,667 360 
Asset-backed securities (1)
147 — 4,046 133 4,193 133 
U.S. state and municipal securities27 2 534 32 561 34 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities— — 113 7 113 7 
Other— — 19 2 19 2 
Total (2)
$1,736 $2 $56,197 $3,867 $57,933 $3,869 
December 31, 2024
Available for sale securities
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities
$— $— $51,833 $5,429 $51,833 $5,429 
U.S. Treasury securities (1)
243 — 12,727 471 12,970 471 
Corporate debt securities— — 9,579 587 9,579 587 
Asset-backed securities (1)
12 — 5,888 196 5,900 196 
U.S. state and municipal securities— — 549 54 549 54 
Foreign government agency securities— — 527 6 527 6 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities— — 109 12 109 12 
Other— — 18 3 18 3 
Total (2)
$255 $— $81,230 $6,758 $81,485 $6,758 
(1) Amounts of unrealized losses less than 12 months were less than $500 thousand.
(2) For purposes of this table, unrealized losses on AFS securities excludes the unallocated PLM fair value hedge basis adjustments of $2 million and $(47) million at December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

At December 31, 2025, substantially all rated securities in the investment portfolios were investment grade. U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities do not have explicit credit ratings; however, management considers these to be of the highest credit quality and rating given the guarantee of principal and interest by the U.S. government or U.S. government-sponsored enterprises.

For a description of management’s quarterly evaluation of AFS securities in unrealized loss positions, see Note 2. No amounts were recognized as credit loss expense and no securities were written down to fair value through earnings for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. None of the Company’s AFS securities held as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 had an allowance for credit losses. HTM securities as of December 31, 2025 were U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities and U.S. Treasury securities, and as of December 31, 2024 all HTM securities were U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities. At both December 31, 2025 and 2024, HTM securities had no allowance for credit losses because expected nonpayment of the amortized cost basis is zero.

The Company had $386 million and $455 million of accrued interest for AFS and HTM securities as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. These amounts are excluded from the amortized cost basis and fair market value of AFS and HTM securities
and included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheets. There were no writeoffs of accrued interest receivable on AFS and HTM securities during the years ended December 31, 2025 or 2024.

The following table presents the Company’s estimated effective duration, which reflects anticipated future payments, by category at December 31, 2025:
In years
Estimated effective duration, exclusive of derivatives:
AFS investment securities portfolio2.4
AFS and HTM investment securities portfolios3.9
Estimated effective duration, inclusive of derivatives (1):
AFS investment securities portfolio2.0
AFS and HTM investment securities portfolios3.7
(1) See Note 16 for additional discussion of the Company’s derivatives.

In the table below, mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities have been allocated to maturity groupings based on final contractual maturities. As borrowers may have the right to call or prepay certain obligations underlying our investment securities, actual maturities may differ from the scheduled contractual maturities presented below.

The maturities of AFS and HTM investment securities are as follows:
December 31, 2025Within
1 year		After 1 year through
5 years		After 5 years through
10 years		After
10 years		Total
Available for sale securities     
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities$1,203 $6,748 $19,177 $14,306 $41,434 
U.S. Treasury securities4,128 7,236 — — 11,364 
Corporate debt securities728 3,585 354 — 4,667 
Asset-backed securities129 1,006 445 2,619 4,199 
U.S. state and municipal securities5 266 279 11 561 
Non-agency commercial mortgage-backed securities— — — 113 113 
Other— — — 19 19 
Total fair value$6,193 $18,841 $20,255 $17,068 $62,357 
Total amortized cost (1)
$6,264 $19,756 $21,987 $18,216 $66,223 
Weighted-average yield (2)
2.34%1.70%1.56%2.79%2.01%
Held to maturity securities     
U.S. agency mortgage-backed securities$467 $23,555 $23,792 $77,835 $125,649 
U.S. Treasury securities— 406 — — 406 
Total fair value$467 $23,961 $23,792 $77,835 $126,055 
Total amortized cost$468 $24,585 $24,436 $84,480 $133,969 
Weighted-average yield (2)
1.66%1.74%1.74%1.72%1.73%
(1) For purposes of this table, the amortized cost of AFS securities excludes the unallocated PLM fair value hedge basis adjustments of $2 million at December 31, 2025.
(2) The weighted-average yield is computed using the amortized cost at December 31, 2025.

Proceeds and gross realized gains and losses from sales of AFS investment securities are as follows:
Year Ended December 31,202520242023
Proceeds$8,987 $3,532 $8,465 
Gross realized gains2 — 1 
Gross realized losses81 40 62