8. INCOME TAXES

We are subject to income taxes in a number of jurisdictions. We determine our income tax provision using the asset and liability method. The provision for income taxes by taxing jurisdiction and by significant component consisted of the following:

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Based upon the location of our operations, the consolidated income before income taxes in the U.S. in 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $7.8 billion, $5.0 billion, and $4.1 billion, respectively, and in foreign countries was $5.2 billion, $4.1 billion, and $3.5 billion, respectively. Certain foreign operations are branches or partnerships of Deere & Company and are subject to U.S. as well as foreign income tax regulations. The pretax income by location and the preceding analysis of the income tax provision by taxing jurisdiction are not directly related.

A comparison of the statutory and effective income tax provision and reasons for related differences follow:

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At October 29, 2023, undistributed profits of subsidiaries outside the U.S. of approximately $5.1 billion are considered indefinitely reinvested. Determination of the amount of a foreign withholding tax liability on these unremitted earnings is not practicable.

Deferred income taxes arise because there are certain items that are treated differently for financial accounting than for income tax reporting purposes. An analysis of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities at October 29, 2023 and October 30, 2022 follows:

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Deere & Company files a consolidated federal income tax return in the U.S., which includes the wholly-owned financial services subsidiaries. These subsidiaries account for income taxes as if they filed separate income tax returns, with a modification for realizability of certain tax benefits.

At October 29, 2023, tax loss and tax credit carryforwards of $1,518 were available with $1,031 expiring from 2024 through 2043 and $487 with an indefinite carryforward period.

A reconciliation of unrecognized tax benefits at October 29, 2023, October 30, 2022, and October 31, 2021 follows:

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The amount of unrecognized tax benefits at October 29, 2023 and October 30, 2022 that would impact the effective tax rate if the tax benefits were recognized was $329 and $303, respectively. The remaining liability was related to tax positions for which there are offsetting tax receivables, or the uncertainty was only related to timing. We expect that any reasonably possible change in the amounts of unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months would not be significant.

We file our tax returns according to the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which we operate, which includes the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has completed the examination of our federal income tax returns for periods prior to 2015. The federal income tax returns for years 2015 to 2020 are currently under examination. Various state and foreign income tax returns also remain subject to examination by taxing authorities.