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| NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS | 3. NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS New Accounting Standards Adopted In the first quarter of 2020, the company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which supersedes Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 840, Leases. This ASU was adopted using a approach. The ASU’s primary change is the requirement for lessee entities to recognize a lease liability for payments and a right of use asset during the term of operating lease arrangements. The ASU did not significantly change the lessee’s recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows from the previous accounting standard. Lessors’ accounting under the ASC is largely unchanged from the previous accounting standard. The ASU adds new disclosures about the company’s leasing activities. The company elected the optional practical expedients to not reassess whether existing contracts contain leases, not reassess lease classification, and not reassess initial direct costs for existing leases. The company did not elect the hindsight practical expedient. In addition, the company elected to combine lease and nonlease components for all asset classes and to not recognize a right of use asset or lease liability for arrangements that qualify as short-term leases. The operating lease liabilities are recorded in “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” and the operating lease right of use assets are recorded in “Other assets.” The finance lease liabilities are recorded in “Short-term borrowings” or “Long-term borrowings” based on the remaining lease term, and the finance lease right of use assets are recorded in “Property and equipment - net.” In addition to the lease liabilities and right of use assets, land use rights were reclassified from “Other intangible assets - net” to “Other assets” and finance lease liabilities were reclassified from “Accounts payable and accrued expenses” to “Short-term borrowings” and “Long-term borrowings.” The effect of adopting the ASU on the consolidated balance sheet follows in millions of dollars:
The company implemented a new system for lessee accounting with new processes and controls at the time of adopting the ASU. The adoption did not have a material effect on the company’s operating results or cash flows. See Note 25 for additional information. The company also adopted the following standards in 2020, none of which had a material effect on the company’s consolidated financial statements:
New Accounting Standards to be Adopted In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which establishes ASC 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses. The ASU, along with related amendments, revises the measurement of credit losses for financial assets measured at amortized cost from an incurred loss to an expected loss methodology. The ASU affects receivables, debt securities, net investment in leases, and most other financial assets that represent a right to receive cash. The company holds deposits from dealers (dealer deposits) to absorb certain credit losses. Prior to adopting this ASU, the allowance for credit losses was estimated on probable credit losses incurred after consideration of dealer deposits. The ASU considers dealer deposits and certain credit insurance contracts as freestanding credit enhancements. As a result, after adoption, credit losses recovered from dealer deposits and credit insurance contracts will be presented in “Other income” and no longer as part of the allowance for credit losses or the provision for credit losses. The ASU will also modify the treatment of the estimated write-off of delinquent receivables by no longer including the estimated benefit of charges to the dealer deposit in the write-off amount (see Note 13). This change will increase the estimated write-offs on delinquent financing receivables with the benefit of credit losses recovered from dealer deposits also presented in “Other income.” This benefit, in both situations, will be recorded when the dealer deposits are charged and no longer based on estimated recoveries. The ASU also requires additional disclosures about significant estimates and credit quality. The effective date is the first quarter of fiscal year 2021. The ASU will be adopted using a modified-retrospective approach resulting in an estimated after-tax reduction to “Retained earnings” of $30 million. The company will also adopt the following standards in future periods, none of which are expected to have a material effect on the company’s consolidated financial statements:
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