
The following summarizes the changes, net of tax, in Accumulated other comprehensive loss:
	Net Unrealized Gains/(Losses)						Benefit Plans
(MILLIONS OF DOLLARS)	Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments		Derivative Financial Instruments		Available-For-Sale Securities		Actuarial Gains/(Losses)		Prior Service (Costs)/ Credits and Other		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)
Balance, January 1, 2018	$	(5,180)	$	(30)	$	401	$	(5,262)	$	750	$	(9,321)
Other comprehensive income/(loss) due to the adoption of new accounting standards(a)	(2)		(1)		(416)		(637)		144		(913)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)(b)	(893)		198		(53)		(128)		(166)		(1,041)
Balance, December 31, 2018	(6,075)		167		(68)		(6,027)		728		(11,275)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)(b)	123		(146)		33		(231)		(144)		(365)
Balance, December 31, 2019	(5,952)		20		(35)		(6,257)		584		(11,640)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)(b)	1,028		(448)		151		(602)		(106)		23
Distribution of Upjohn Business(c)	(397)		—		—		352		(26)		(71)
Balance, December 31, 2020	$	(5,321)	$	(428)	$	116	$	(6,507)	$	452	$	(11,688)

(a)Represent the cumulative effect adjustments as of January 1, 2018 from the adoption of accounting standards related to (i) financial assets and liabilities and (ii) the reclassification of certain tax effects from AOCI. See Note 1B in our 2018 Financial Report.

(b)Amounts do not include foreign currency translation adjustments attributable to noncontrolling interests of $9 million loss in 2020, $11 million loss in 2019 and $20 million loss in 2018. Foreign currency translation adjustments in 2020 primarily include gains from the strengthening of the euro, Japanese yen, Australian dollar and U.K. pound against the U.S. dollar, and net gains related to foreign currency translation adjustments related to our equity method investment in the Consumer Healthcare JV (see Note 2C), partially offset by the impact of our net investment hedging program. Foreign currency translation adjustments in 2019 primarily include a gain of approximately $1.3 billion pre-tax ($978 million after-tax) related to foreign currency translation adjustments attributable to our equity method investment in the Consumer Healthcare JV (see Note 2C), partially offset by the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the euro and the Australian dollar, and the results of our net investment hedging program. Amounts in 2018 primarily reflect the strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the euro, U.K. pound and Chinese renminbi.