| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gains/(Losses) of | ($ in millions) | | Total | | Total Hedge Activity | For the year ended December 31: | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2019 | | 2018 | Cost of services | | $ | 32,491 | | $ | 33,687 | * | $ | 68 | | $ | 30 | Cost of sales | | | 7,263 | | | 7,835 | * | | 51 | | | 8 | Cost of financing | | | 904 | | | 1,132 | | | (42) | | | (6) | SG&A expense | | | 20,604 | | | 19,366 | | | 267 | | | (116) | Other (income) and expense | | | (968) | | | 1,152 | | | (15) | | | (434) | Interest expense | | | 1,344 | | | 723 | | | (93) | | | (6) |
* Reclassified to conform to 2019 presentation. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement | | | Consolidated | | Recognized on | | Attributable to Risk | ($ in millions) | | Income Statement | | Derivatives | | Being Hedged (2) | For the year ended December 31: | | Line Item | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | Derivative instruments in fair value hedges (1) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Interest rate contracts | | Cost of financing | | $ | 44 | | $ | (61) | | $ | 1 | | $ | (32) | | $ | 97 | | $ | 74 | | | Interest expense | | | 98 | | | (58) | | | 1 | | | (71) | | | 92 | | | 69 | Derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Foreign exchange contracts | | Other (income) and expense | | | (53) | | | (93) | | | 16 | | | N/A | | | N/A | | | N/A | Equity contracts | | SG&A expense | | | 214 | | | (116) | | | 135 | | | N/A | | | N/A | | | N/A | Total | | | | $ | 302 | | $ | (327) | | $ | 153 | | $ | (103) | | $ | 189 | | $ | 144 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Consolidated Income Statement and Other Comprehensive Income | ($ in millions) | | | | Consolidated | | Reclassified | | Amounts Excluded from | For the year ended | | Recognized in OCI | | Income Statement | | from AOCI | | Effectiveness Testing (3) | December 31: | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | Line Item | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | | 2019 | | 2018 | | 2017 | Derivative instruments in cash flow hedges | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Interest rate contracts | | $ | (168) | | $ | (35) | | $ | — | | Cost of financing | | $ | (3) | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | $ | — | | | | | | | | | | | | Interest expense | | | (8) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | — | Foreign exchange contracts | | | (521) | | | (101) | | | (58) | | Cost of services | | | 68 | | | 30 | | | 70 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost of sales | | | 51 | | | 8 | | | 3 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | | | | Cost of financing | | | (86) | | | (75) | | | (23) | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | | | | SG&A expense | | | 53 | | | 0 | | | 11 | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | | | | | | | | | | Other (income and expense) | | | 39 | | | (341) | | | 324 | | | — | | | — | | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | Interest expense | | | (190) | | | (71) | | | (22) | | | — | | | — | | | — | Instruments in net investment hedges (4) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Foreign exchange contracts | | | (95) | | | 686 | | | (1,607) | | Cost of financing | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 35 | | | 33 | | | 23 | | | | | | | | | | | | Interest expense | | | — | | | — | | | — | | | 77 | | | 31 | | | 21 | Total | | $ | (784) | | $ | 549 | | $ | (1,665) | | | | $ | (75) | | $ | (449) | | $ | 363 | | $ | 112 | | $ | 64 | | $ | 45 |
Gain or loss amounts and presentation for 2017 are not conformed to the new hedge accounting guidance that the company adopted in 2018. Refer to note B, “Accounting Changes,” for further information. | (1) | The amount includes changes in clean fair values of the derivative instruments in fair value hedging relationships and the periodic accrual for coupon payments required under these derivative contracts. |
| (2) | The amount includes basis adjustments to the carrying value of the hedged item recorded during the period and amortization of basis adjustments recorded on de-designated hedging relationships during the period. |
| (3) | The company’s policy is to recognize all fair value changes in amounts excluded from effectiveness testing in net income each period. |
| (4) | Instruments in net investment hedges include derivative and non-derivative instruments. |
N/A–Not applicable
|