6. Financing Receivables: Financing receivables primarily consist of investment in sales-type and direct financing leases, commercial financing receivables and client loan and installment payment receivables (loans). Investment in sales-type and direct financing leases relates principally to the company’s systems products and are for terms ranging generally from two to six years. Commercial financing receivables relate primarily to inventory and accounts receivable financing for dealers and remarketers of IBM and OEM products. Payment terms for inventory and accounts receivable financing generally range from 30 to 90 days. Client loan and installment payment receivables (loans) are provided primarily to clients to finance the purchase of hardware, software and services. Payment terms on these financing arrangements are generally for terms up to seven years. Client loans and installment payment financing contracts are priced independently at competitive market rates.

A summary of the components of the company’s financing receivables is presented as follows:

	Investment in						Client Loan and
	Sales-Type and			Commercial			Installment Payment
(Dollars in millions)	Direct Financing			Financing			Receivables/
At March 31, 2019:	Leases			Receivables			(Loans)			Total
Financing receivables, gross	$	6,477		$	10,385		$	12,582		$	29,444
Unearned income	(497		)	(34		)	(617		)	(1,148		)

Recorded investment	$	5,980		$	10,351		$	11,965		$	28,296
Allowance for credit losses	(95		)	(18		)	(174		)	(287		)
Unguaranteed residual value	566			—			—			566
Guaranteed residual value	72			—			—			72

Total financing receivables, net	$	6,523		$	10,333		$	11,791		$	28,648

Current portion	$	2,712		$	10,333		$	7,241		$	20,287
Noncurrent portion	$	3,811		$	—		$	4,550		$	8,361

	Investment in						Client Loan and
	Sales-Type and			Commercial			Installment Payment
(Dollars in millions)	Direct Financing			Financing			Receivables/
At December 31, 2018:	Leases			Receivables			(Loans)			Total
Financing receivables, gross	$	6,846		$	11,889		$	13,614		$	32,348
Unearned income	(526		)	(37		)	(632		)	(1,195		)

Recorded investment	$	6,320		$	11,852		$	12,981		$	31,153
Allowance for credit losses	(99		)	(13		)	(179		)	(292		)
Unguaranteed residual value	589			—			—			589
Guaranteed residual value	85			—			—			85

Total financing receivables, net	$	6,895		$	11,838		$	12,802		$	31,536

Current portion	$	2,834		$	11,838		$	7,716		$	22,388
Noncurrent portion	$	4,061		$	—		$	5,086		$	9,148

The company utilizes certain of its financing receivables as collateral for nonrecourse borrowings. Financing receivables pledged as collateral for borrowings were $868 million and $710 million at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

The company did not have any financing receivables held for sale as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

Financing Receivables by Portfolio Segment

The following tables present the recorded investment by portfolio segment and by class, excluding commercial financing receivables and other miscellaneous financing receivables at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Commercial financing receivables are excluded from the presentation of financing receivables by portfolio segment, as they are short term in nature and the current estimated risk of loss and resulting impact to the company’s financing results are not material. The company determines its allowance for credit losses based on two portfolio segments: lease receivables and loan receivables, and further segments the portfolio into three classes: Americas, Europe/Middle East/Africa (EMEA) and Asia Pacific.

(Dollars in millions)
At March 31, 2019:	Americas			EMEA			Asia Pacific			Total
Recorded investment
Lease receivables	$	3,617		$	1,230		$	1,133		$	5,980
Loan receivables	6,203			3,374			2,388			11,965

Ending balance	$	9,820		$	4,603		$	3,522		$	17,945

Recorded investment collectively evaluated for impairment	$	9,672		$	4,555		$	3,471		$	17,699
Recorded investment individually evaluated for impairment	$	148		$	48		$	50		$	247

Allowance for credit losses
Beginning balance at January 1, 2019
Lease receivables	$	53		$	22		$	24		$	99
Loan receivables	105			43			32			179

Total	$	158		$	65		$	56		$	279

Write-offs	$	(4	)	$	(1	)	$	(2	)	$	(8	)
Recoveries	0			0			0			0
Provision	3			(5		)	0			(1		)
Other *	(1		)	0			1			(1		)

Ending balance at March 31, 2019	$	155		$	59		$	55		$	269

Lease receivables	$	49		$	22		$	24		$	95
Loan receivables	$	106		$	37		$	31		$	174

Related allowance, collectively evaluated for impairment	$	33		$	14		$	5		$	52
Related allowance, individually evaluated for impairment	$	122		$	45		$	50		$	217

* Primarily represents translation adjustments.

Write-offs of lease receivables and loan receivables were $3 million and $5 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Provisions for credit losses recorded for lease receivables and loan receivables were immaterial, for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

The average recorded investment of impaired leases and loans for Americas, EMEA and Asia Pacific was $147 million, $50 million and $51 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and $130 million, $55 million and $81 million, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Both interest income recognized and interest income recognized on a cash basis on impaired leases and loans were immaterial for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018.

(Dollars in millions)
At December 31, 2018:	Americas			EMEA			Asia Pacific			Total
Recorded investment
Lease receivables	$	3,827		$	1,341		$	1,152		$	6,320
Loan receivables	6,817			3,675			2,489			12,981

Ending balance	$	10,644		$	5,016		$	3,641		$	19,301

Recorded investment collectively evaluated for impairment	$	10,498		$	4,964		$	3,590		$	19,052
Recorded investment individually evaluated for impairment	$	146		$	52		$	51		$	249

Allowance for credit losses
Beginning balance at January 1, 2018
Lease receivables	$	63		$	9		$	31		$	103
Loan receivables	108			52			51			211

Total	$	172		$	61		$	82		$	314

Write-offs	$	(10	)	$	(2	)	$	(23	)	$	(35	)
Recoveries	0			0			2			2
Provision	7			9			0			16
Other*	(11		)	(3		)	(4		)	(19		)

Ending balance at December 31, 2018	$	158		$	65		$	56		$	279

Lease receivables	$	53		$	22		$	24		$	99
Loan receivables	$	105		$	43		$	32		$	179

Related allowance, collectively evaluated for impairment	$	39		$	16		$	5		$	59
Related allowance, individually evaluated for impairment	$	119		$	49		$	51		$	219

* Primarily represents translation adjustments.

Write-offs of lease receivables and loan receivables were $15 million and $20 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018. Provisions for credit losses recorded for lease receivables and loan receivables were $14 million and $2 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2018.

When determining the allowances, financing receivables are evaluated either on an individual or a collective basis. For individually evaluated receivables, the company determines the expected cash flow for the receivable and calculates an estimate of the potential loss and the probability of loss. For those accounts in which the loss is probable, the company records a specific reserve. The company considers any receivable with an individually evaluated reserve as an impaired receivable.

In addition, the company records an unallocated reserve that is determined by applying a reserve rate to its different portfolios, excluding accounts that have been specifically reserved. This reserve rate is based upon credit rating, probability of default, term, characteristics (lease/loan) and loss history.

Past Due Financing Receivables

The company considers a client’s financing receivable balance past due when any installment is aged over 90 days. The following table summarizes information about the recorded investment in lease and loan financing receivables, including recorded investments aged over 90 days and still accruing, billed invoices aged over 90 days and still accruing, and recorded investment not accruing.

					Recorded		Billed		Recorded
	Total		Recorded		Investment		Invoices		Investment
(Dollars in millions)	Recorded		Investment		> 90 Days and		> 90 Days and		Not
At March 31, 2019:	Investment		> 90 Days (1)		Accruing (1)		Accruing		Accruing (2)
Americas	$	3,617	$	294	$	240	$	13	$	54
EMEA	1,230		40		22		3		17
Asia Pacific	1,133		37		13		2		23

Total lease receivables	$	5,980	$	370	$	276	$	18	$	94


Americas	$	6,203	$	232	$	131	$	23	$	101
EMEA	3,374		83		14		4		68
Asia Pacific	2,388		32		4		2		28

Total loan receivables	$	11,965	$	347	$	150	$	29	$	197


Total	$	17,945	$	717	$	426	$	47	$	291

(1) At a contract level, which includes total billed and unbilled amounts for financing receivables aged greater than 90 days.

(2) Of the recorded investment not accruing, $247 million is individually evaluated for impairment with a related allowance of $217 million.

					Recorded		Billed		Recorded
	Total		Recorded		Investment		Invoices		Investment
(Dollars in millions)	Recorded		Investment		> 90 Days and		> 90 Days and		Not
At December 31, 2018:	Investment		> 90 Days (1)		Accruing (1)		Accruing		Accruing (2)
Americas	$	3,827	$	310	$	256	$	19	$	57
EMEA	1,341		25		9		1		16
Asia Pacific	1,152		49		27		3		24

Total lease receivables	$	6,320	$	385	$	292	$	24	$	97


Americas	$	6,817	$	259	$	166	$	24	$	99
EMEA	3,675		98		25		3		73
Asia Pacific	2,489		40		11		1		31

Total loan receivables	$	12,981	$	397	$	202	$	29	$	203


Total	$	19,301	$	782	$	494	$	52	$	300

(1) At a contract level, which includes total billed and unbilled amounts for financing receivables aged greater than 90 days.

(2) Of the recorded investment not accruing, $249 million is individually evaluated for impairment with a related allowance of $219 million.

Credit Quality Indicators

The company’s credit quality indicators, which are based on rating agency data, publicly available information and information provided by customers, are reviewed periodically based on the relative level of risk. The resulting indicators are a numerical rating system that maps to Moody’s Investors Service credit ratings as shown below. The company uses information provided by Moody’s, where available, as one of many inputs in its determination of customer credit ratings.

The following tables present the recorded investment net of allowance for credit losses for each class of receivables, by credit quality indicator, at March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Receivables with a credit quality indicator ranging from Aaa to Baa3 are considered investment grade. All others are considered non-investment grade. The credit quality indicators do not reflect mitigation actions that the company takes to transfer credit risk to third parties.

(Dollars in millions)	Lease Receivables						Loan Receivables
At March 31, 2019:	Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific		Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific
Credit ratings:
Aaa – Aa3	$	454	$	15	$	67	$	916	$	127	$	159
A1 – A3	804		136		540		892		238		792
Baa1 – Baa3	932		386		199		1,602		1,233		653
Ba1 – Ba2	679		437		135		1,459		944		535
Ba3 – B1	454		147		99		604		481		126
B2 – B3	198		69		54		521		284		75
Caa – D	47		18		15		104		31		19

Total	$	3,568	$	1,208	$	1,109	$	6,097	$	3,337	$	2,358

(Dollars in millions)	Lease Receivables						Loan Receivables
At December 31, 2018:	Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific		Americas		EMEA		Asia Pacific
Credit ratings:
Aaa – Aa3	$	593	$	45	$	85	$	1,055	$	125	$	185
A1 – A3	678		158		413		1,206		436		901
Baa1 – Baa3	892		417		297		1,587		1,148		648
Ba1 – Ba2	852		426		191		1,516		1,175		417
Ba3 – B1	433		171		84		770		472		184
B2 – B3	299		90		50		531		249		109
Caa – D	26		10		7		47		28		15

Total	$	3,774	$	1,319	$	1,128	$	6,712	$	3,633	$	2,457

Troubled Debt Restructurings

The company did not have any significant troubled debt restructurings during the three months ended March 31, 2019 or for the year ended December 31, 2018.