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Miscellaneous Financial Information
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Dec. 31, 2011
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| Miscellaneous Financial Information [Abstract] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous Financial Information | 3. Miscellaneous Financial Information Research and development costs totaled $1,044 million in 2011, $1,012 million in 2010 and $1,050 million in 2009. Net income included before-tax aggregate foreign exchange transaction losses of $184 million and $251 million, and gains of $54 million in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively. In 2011, 2010 and 2009, net income included gains of $292 million, $317 million and $207 million, respectively, attributable to the combined effects of LIFO inventory accumulations and draw-downs. The aggregate replacement cost of inventories was estimated to exceed their LIFO carrying values by $25.6 billion and $21.3 billion at December 31, 2011, and 2010, respectively. Crude oil, products and merchandise as of year-end 2011 and 2010 consist of the following:
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